The Call Centre and Tengo Ltd.

TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 03 POOR CUSTOMER QUALITY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 03 HIGH LABOR TURNOVER IN THE CALL CENTRE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 04 REMEDY â€Å"TURNOVER†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 05 IS TURNOVER LIKELY TO BE UNIVERSALLY DYSFUNCTIONAL?†¦ 06 CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 07 RECOMMENDATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 08 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 INTRODUCTION: The main objective that focus on this report is to analysis the â€Å"employee perspective issues† that are mainly concerning and involving the employees who are contribute to the poor services quality of the Tengo Ltd.The report is mainly focusing some key areas that are including some key suggestions and it may be overcome the direct and indirect difficulties that effect employees on their job. Using organizational theories and analyzing the employee’s attitude to justify the information that they provides and forecast some solution as well as recommendations moreover the whole report is mainly based on employee job satisfaction and dissatisfaction, absenteeism and lacks of involvement with job, turnover of the employees which HR strategies are expected to improve relations of employees.The main objectives that focus on this report, how Tengo Ltd can improving their work environment moreover to reduce employees dissatisfaction which get better work performance in the organization. .At the end of the report, there are some detailed recommendations with possible solution will include. The recommendation mainly based on how Tengo Ltd can deal with the upcoming challenges. POOR CUSTOMER QUALITY: In actual fact, Tengo’s poor customer quality can be endorsed the problems of people and the whole process.The new computerized system which required standardizing customer service, develop the management capability to monitor the service quality of Tengo and accelerate the response times is not provide the desired result. Also customer dissatisfaction indicates that the quality of service is not appears a function of workplace technology. The resolution of the poor customer service is supplementary promi sing to arrange in the organization of work. The main impact comes from the restructuring process and in particular way the inflexible severance between units and the awareness of workers in exact areas of customer service.This process mainly removed the job rotation which is expected to show the approach to develop equal advantages of service quality and job satisfaction. High turnover rate in the customer complaints department mainly indicates a lack of essential job satisfaction in the workplace. However this fact is directly related with the employee’s attitudes towards their job. In addition, the growing labor turnover rate at Tengo’s is indicating unconstructive impacts on service quality as well as the new trained workers are replaced with skilled employees.The restructuring process and the job loss are mainly liable to have employee confidence and moral that might be measured to represent the abuse of psychosomatic agreement with a consequent impact on the expr ession of flexible behavior. HIGH LABOR TURNOVER IN THE CALL CENTRE: For analyzing the labor turnover two themes are included at the beginning stage. Firstly the nature of call centre work and the second theme is the work and management at Tengo Ltd. Thaler and Carter (1999) said that, the use of call centre and development criteria are to handle different characteristics of customer relationship management maintains to grow quickly.Mainly the call centre provides both customer service and opportunities of sales to the public. The main considerable issue whether the call centre works is naturally dissatisfying and the lack of diplomacy (means lack of control) and the management performances are liable to be connected with poor employee relation. Slater (1999) noted that, the call centre employees get very little respect from their superior. For that reason they felt more stress. To analyze the Tengo Ltd it has been clearly view that the employees are not satisfied with their work.Fo r the reason of restructuring employees are always stressful and their service quality fall down. The restructuring process mainly detached the job rotation which is the key area to develop the employee ability and get equal advantages of service quality as well as job satisfaction. Frenkel et al. (1999) describe that, the great job satisfaction is being connected by the end appearance of the work. This categorization can be useful where complaint management, for illustration, is expected to stick to the previous, even as the technical help is being possible to be related with concluding.In addition the beginning of differentiation and the task spelization between units can also be talk about comparative to low satisfaction, required multiplicity and boredom as achievable â€Å"push† factors. The additional issue apprehensions terms and conditions of worker at Tengo and it seems that better Tengo and call centre’s (other than pay) existing at other close by call center s. The restructuring and content of morale is too likely to be important. Tengo’s payment method is higher than others call centre. However the work environment is not friendly that’s why employees are discouraged and dissatisfied with their job.The less favorable facilitates includes work longer shift comparing nearby call center’s employees, employees are received few holidays and very few opportunity for training and development. Only payment is not the key criteria to satisfied organization’s employees. The consent meaning of Granny, Smith and Stone (1992) the job satisfaction is an sentimental (called emotional) effect to one’s job, consequential from the present evaluation of real outcomes with individuals that are desired (deserved, expected and so on). REMEDY TURNOVER:For the proper understanding on labor turnover the organization’s management needs to find out some key criteria that are mainly relevant to understand properly for the reason of turnover. The reason of turnover is not always showing the bad things happen in the organization. However, the perspective of business analysis turnover is not bringing good things for the organization in most of the time. The criteria that management needs to address: 1. Who/who is not leaving the organization? 2. Why they are leaving/ staying in the organization? 3.Where are the leavers departing to work (if somewhere)? To analyze this case study, many reasons that happens to leave the workplace at Tengo Ltd. According to this report several criteria can be found why employees are leaving their workplace. Employees are dissatisfied about their job Impact of restructuring for that reason job rotation is being removed Work environment is not friendly Work in longer shifts and getting fewer holidays Lack of training and development Rigid workplace Job redesigns that why some employees lost their job. Less employee priorityReduce training and development cost that’s why it’s not effectives Lack of promotion The problem arises when restructuring process starts and the new job design implement by the organization. There are mainly three units in this restructuring process level 1, level 2 and level 3. But the main facilitates goes to the level 3 employees who deal the technical work. That affects employee’s moral and turnover increase. On the other hand, before restructuring the employees can moved other departments if they want and this process they cannot felt boring and they got the trained to take on a multiplicity of roles.However, after the restructuring process the customer service director divided the employee’s responsibility of every department and give restriction for going other departments to improve the employees. Even though, this process cannot work properly and after two months, 25 percent of new recruits employees left the job. Kemery et al. (1985) said that, most of the stressful jobs are directly connected to intention to leave the organization. In that case, the management needs to identify with the dynamic of labor turnover and to recognize outline of turnover that might contain a negative result on the employee performance.For doing this work organization obtain immediate approach and search for the categorization of former or present patterns of turnover during exit interviews and analysis of turnover data. Besides such an approach, the organizational management might too be proactive in looking for the identification and address the interior drovers of turnover throughout attitude survey of employee and appropriate responses to â€Å"head-off† any probable problems. IS TURNOVER LIKELY TO BE UNIVERSALLY DYSFUNCTIONAL?Constantly the turnover is visibly affecting the customer service quality at Tengo Ltd. However some turnover is expected to be functional somewhere it directs to the failure of poor performance or individuals inappropriate to the work place. Although this sit uation become visible to be the case in the complaints unit where after passing a short time the new recruits are leaving from the organization. Although this turnover emerge to specify a collapse in employee training and selection. Fried et al. (2008) describe a remarkable step.They analyze and found that the role anxiety was directly connected to the individuals work performance during the job satisfaction and was ultimately connected to job performance during tendency to leave. The process of recruitment and selection criteria is not working appropriately in the Tengo Ltd. However Tengo’s Payment method is higher comparing others call centre even it is creating problem when management decide to reduce the training and development cost as lower as possible. The new recruit’s workers are not getting proper training from the organization.Even though the newly recruits employees are working with the present experienced employees. The gap is too high between newly recrui ts and experienced employees since the newly recruits employees are not well trained. For the reason of job redesign process 25 percent of new recruit’s employees ware being leave there job within two months. Wilton (2010) described that, the majority of employee turnover can be measured dysfunctional for the multiplicity of reasons and the reasons are failure of knowledge/skill, worse return on speculation in HRD, indicative of wider worker relations problems.CONCLUSION: Here the solution would appear to be relevant whether the Tengo’s management was looking for poor service quality as well as high labor turnover. The possible scheme might be contain the reintroduction of several job rotation and connected with cross-training program, enhanced the effective selection and recruitments processes to ensure pragmatic job preview, more emphasize for training and development program moreover present benchmarking implementation by focusing terms and conditions of employ rela tion to that of opponent. RECOMMENDATIONS:After analyzing this case study and current situation of Tengo Ltd, following criteria would be focus for recommended to the managers of this call centres. Determining the job satisfaction in the course of evaluation: Tengo’s HR manager must assess the overall job satisfaction of the employees moreover why employees are not satisfied when they got the high payment comparing others call centre. In addition the job satisfaction is very sensitive issue which is mainly consequential from the evaluation of jobs based on several assured features.However the evaluation procedure might be included following criteria: 1. Survey research: HR manager at Tengo Ltd should accomplish survey research among all the employees who works in Tengo Ltd to verify the job satisfaction level. The survey has been taken by two ways that are verbal and written process moreover the written process is more effective comparing to the verbal process. In addition th e written survey process is more realistic, reliable, cost effective and more accurate.On this written survey research process the question for the employees might be â€Å"what issue/issues is/are mainly the big reason for employee job dissatisfaction? † 2. Rating method: moreover another way to measure the employee’s job satisfaction is the rating method. The rating method mainly includes two ways measuring criteria. Single global technique and summation score technique. However the global rating method is mainly based on the single question technique that is judging all the characteristic of job satisfaction and how much satisfied the employees about their job as well.In addition, the summations score technique measures all the aspects of job and ask the questions for employees that includes the entire characteristic of jobs and determine each and every job feature separately. To measure the job satisfaction at Tengo Ltd, the summation score technique is more effect ive rather than global rating method. Enhance to use the summation technique the managers would be able to measure every characteristics individually moreover that includes supervision, recent pay scale, effective relationship with co workers, nature of work environment.Adding up the company would be use a rating scale that mainly called liker scale moreover it includes 1 to 5 consequent points. The rating scale might be related to â€Å"highly dissatisfied and highly satisfied†. However this process is very easy for employees since employees would be able to circle the best suitable number for all characteristic and at last all score would be calculate for getting the appropriate result. Performance evaluation: performance evaluation is another criterion that HR manager must practice during Tengo’s development process.Under this evaluation program managers have to set up several development processes that are implement for access to every employees in this organizatio n. Furthermore, the call centres advisors should be expectant to generate their individual’s personal development plans, for that reason being they might be develop as well as monitor their individual performance. Learning as well as training: training program creating employees more effectives. Tengo must provide the training program for their employees to achieve organizational goals and improving their work quality as well.The first task is to identify the training needs for the organization and this responsibility goes to the HR managers. In addition managers can use training needs analysis process that helps to identify what types of training are recommended for the organization. Moreover this process might be completed during a formal training survey that accomplishes all employees in Tengo’s. 1. On the job training: on the job training is more effective. The long service employees might be locating as advisor and to train the recent and newly recruits employees. This process is very helpful to know how to perform better in organization. 2. Team meetings: team meeting is another way to determine employees mind about their work related issue moreover it helps to increase the employee relationship with top management. Tengo’s HR manager should arrange team meeting with employees. They can set up an idea that relates every week team meeting with every employee to find their perspective about job. Moreover it increases the workers productiveness and get better co relationship. 3.In-house course: in-house training program is another term to increase employee’s better performance. Under this program HR manager can accomplish a sessions for organization’s employees in a classroom environment. manager can provide some useful learning materials that includes lecture, open discussions about their work related issue etc. 4. Stimulation: stimulation process can determine the organizational needs. Moreover it mainly focuses what type s of work organization wants from their employees. Furthermore this process is very useful to connect employees with organizational work environment and culture. 5.Seminars: organization can arrange seminar to touch employees mind and build up better relationship. In every month Tengo’s manager can arrange a seminar and briefing them to hit the targets very quickly moreover this is the best way to giving employees feedback that might be very useful to get better performance from employees. Joint consultation of employee relation: employees and top management relationship is improving employees productivity as well as organization’s requirement. Manager can establish joint consultation process to improve employee’s performance as well as fulfil the organization’s demand.Rewarding employees based on performance: to give reward and to get feedback is the best way to encouraging employees performance. The effective reward management should include following c riteria: 1. Monetary pay: monetary pay is the best way to motivate employees. Up to that time the payment criteria at Tengo was based on total time spent in organization, job evaluation grade and hierarchical ranking. However direct monetary pay method is an effective approach which certifies that organizational workers are paid according to their involvement with organization. . Non monetary benefits: this is basically a non-financial reward. This process cans reinforcement employees to emphasize on better performance moreover it also motivates organizational employees. However managers at Tengo Ltd should appear at wide-ranging benefits that are given to employees in other organization. Tengo Ltd can introduce some non-financial benefits like transport service, medical care, life insurance, prize bond etc. 3. Contingency pay method: this method includes some extra pay in agreement with the fundamental pay structure.In some cases basic pay is not enough for employee’s life s urviving factors. For that reason some extra pay like contingency pay helps to motivate employees to better performance in organization. Tengo’s manager must introduce this method to motivate employees. Communication with employees: communication process is well connected with employee’s performance. To get the better performance form employees, the implementation of communication process is very important. The main objectives of this process is to get know employees feedback as well as employee engagement with work. REFERENCES:Fried, Yitzhak, Shirom, A. & Gilbon, S. and Cooper, G (2008), The Medating Effects of Job Satisfaction and Propensity to Leave on Role Stress-Job Performance Relationships: Combining Meta-Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. International Journal of stress Management, 15, 305-328 Granny, C. Smith, P. and Stone, E. (1992), job satisfaction: advances in research and application, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Hemphill, T. A. (2005), US Offs hore Outsourcing of R&D: Accomodating Firm and National Competativeness Perspectives. Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice, 7, 351-356Kemery, E. Bedeian, A. Mossholder, K. and Touliatos, J. (1985), Outcomes od Role Stress: A Multisampling Constructive Replication, Academy of Management Journal, 28, 63-75 Lind, S. and Otte, F. (1994), Management Style, Mediating Variables and Stress Among HRD Professionals. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 5, 301-316 Slater D. Holding Patterns: Call Centers can be Poked and Prodded to Provide Maximum Efficiency. But Will it Cost You Your Costomers? CIO, 1999: 12: 54-61 Thaler-Carter RE. Why Sit and Answer the Phone all Day? HR Magazine-1999: 44:98-104

Adult Education and Training Essay

Abstract This paper work presents the summary of the most well known adult learning theory – Andragogy, explains how it accounts for the characteristics, patterns of learning, and motivation adopted by adult learners. Moreover, reflects on my own qualities and circumstance as an adult learner; critique the strengths and weaknesses of Andragogy. Key Words Andragogy, pedagogy, adult learning, education, training, adult learner, characteristics, motivation Introduction All these years, the specialized field of education has generated a number of models and theories of adult learning, included transformation learning theory, experiential learning theory, informal learning theory†¦etc. And the most important one with which to be familiar is Malcolm Knowles’ Andragogy. Andragogy was described as the â€Å"art and science to teaching adults to learn† (Knowles, Holton, & Swanson, 2005). It also interpreted the foundation and structure of adult learning, the concept of andragogy has been worldwide used in different times with different connotations and seem as a bible of adult education. Andragogy The notion of andragogy has been around for nearby two centuries. It originally formulated by a German teacher, Alexander Kapp, in 1833 (Nottingham Andragogy Group 1983). He used â€Å"andragogy† to describe education theory. Andragogy literally means â€Å"man leading†, which contrasted with pedagogy (Since andr- is Latin for â€Å"man†, peda is Latin for â€Å"child† and agogus is Latin for â€Å"leading†). And later on, couple educators had used the term of â€Å"andragogy† in their article. It included Rosenstock in 1921; Lindeman wrote â€Å"The Meaning of Adult Education† in 1926. The notion of â€Å"Andragogy† was well developed, widely discussed and used in 1980 by Malcolm Shepherd Knowles, a champion of andragogy. Knowles first introduced the concept of in the US in 1968. With his previous work on informal adult education, Knowles used those elements of process and setting to construct the shape and direction of adult e ducation. The concept he used to explain the theory of adult education was the notion of andragogy. â€Å"Malcolm Knowles, Informal adult education, self-direction and andragogy† (Jay-D Man, 2009). Knowles applied the idea of andragogy as the foundation of adult learning, he marked it as a new born technology which moderates the development and performance of adult learning. He posited six assumptions related to the adult learners: 1) Need to know, 2) self-concept, 3) experience, 4) readiness to learn, 5) orientation to learning , and 6) motivation to learn  (Knowles, 1980) Need to know â€Å"Adults want to know why they need to learn something before undertaking to learn it† (Knowles, 2005). Adults are realist, they want to find out what is the advantage and the loss before they make decision to do something. The â€Å"why†, â€Å"what†, â€Å"how†, â€Å"when†, â€Å"where† will first came to their mind before they making choices. For example: A man find he needs to improve his academy standard to get a promotion at work, which is â€Å"why† he wants to continue learning; he will choices a subject related to his present career to learn, he knows â€Å"what† he needs to learn and â€Å"what† is expected of him; in order to achieve his goal, he knows â€Å"how† he going to do and plan; beside works and take care his family, he needs to know â€Å"when† he studies; after conducts research, he knows â€Å"where† is a best place for his continuing learning. Self-Concept â€Å"Adults have a self-concept of being responsible for their own decisions, for their own lives† (Knowles, 1998). Adult learners are autonomous, they expect and enjoy independence, like to take control in everything and see themselves as self-directed. They don’t want adult educators use a pedagogical model to teach them. They think learning is a process of sharing with the teacher and one another, for example, they prefer interaction rather than formal subject issue. So teacher has responsibility to encourage and promote the process of self-direction. That is why Knowles emphasizes that adult educators must â€Å"make efforts to create learning experiences in which adults are helped to make the transition from dependent to self-directing learners† (Knowles, 1998). Experience For those adult learners, they are individual differences in their background, occupation, education standard, learning style, interests, goals and motivation will cause different experiences than youth when come into an educational activity (Knowles, 2005). Upon the adult learners’ prior experience, Knowles (1998) point out four paths that adult experience  learning: A wider range of individual differences will be established. Offer a richest resource for learning. Create deviation that can restrain, or sculpt new learning. Provide area for adults’ self-identity. Since the adult learners have many experiences, teacher must draw on learner experiences. Everyone in class could share their experiences through experiential techniques (simulations, group discussions, or problem-solving activities, etc). Moreover, sometime the adult learners may have more experience than the educator in some area. The communication and knowledge sharing will not only limit between instructor and student, also lead to 2 and 3 way interactions: between instructor and learner, learner and learner as well. Readiness to Learn Adults learn in order to cope effectively with real-life tasks. They normally come to class motivated, and ready to learn things they need to know. Knowles observes that â€Å"adults generally become ready to learn when their life situation creates a need to know† (Knowles, 2005). Anticipate the adults’ readiness to learn is very important in adult education, it determine how to proceed the training, and what strategies and activities should apply to meet a learner’s readiness. Surveys of learners prior to beginning a course, or some introduction course before the advanced courses are the ways to retrieve the material and aware the learner’s readiness. Orientation to learning Learning is a process of increasing competence to achieve full potential in life. According to Knowles, adults are problem-centered in their orientation to learning (Knowles, 2005). They prefer a problem solving orientation to learning (problem centered), rather than content-oriented. This orientation relates to their experience, task or problems in everyday situations. The sense of adults is that learning will allow them to execute task or deal with problems faced in life. When they confront real-life situation, they want to learn what will help them to contribute their  effectiveness, and they learn best in this status. Motivation Motivation is the last core of Andragogy assumption, but not the least. Knowles emphasizes the adult learner’s motivation can be blocked by training and education if neglect of adult learning principles (Knowles, 2005). â€Å"Adults tend to be more motivated toward learning that helps them solve problems in their livers or results in internal payoffs† (Knowles, 1998). Adult learners are responsive to some motivators. And normally those motivators can be divided into external (e.g., better job, higher salaries) and internal (e.g., desire of job satisfaction, self-esteem). And the andragogical model assumes adult learners tend to be more motived by the internal motivators than the external one. Implement Base on the six assumptions of Andragogy, let’s see how adult learners and educators began to implement the practical applications: Assumption Adult learner Educator Need to know Have a need to know what they expect to learn before investing time in a learning event Make sure that the learners know the aim, goal and purpose of training as early as they can. Self-concept Must uphold the concept of self-directing, responsible their own growing. Coach learners to find their needs and guide their own learning experience. Experience Come to a learning occasion with richest of experience and trade-off to contribute. Create and maintain a learning environment to build on and make use of learner’s experience. Readiness to learn Uphold a strong readiness to learn those things that they undertaking to learn. Ensure training relates directly to situations adult face in real-life task Orientation Dedicate their energy to learning things that help them cope with daily life  or solve a problem. Identify learner’s needs and interests, develop content based on the their needs. Motivation More responsive to internal motivators than external motivators. Create a safe learning environment and make sure the internal motivation will not blocked. Characteristics of Adult learners According to the Andragogy, Malcolm Knowles practiced a characterization of the defining features for adult learners, and shown as following: Adults have identifiable goal – they clearly understand what they need and know how to achieve their goal; Adults are independent – they are expect and enjoy independence, like to take control, and should allowed to express themselves freely; Adults have wealth of experience – need others to recognize their previous experience, including both positive and negative; Adults want immediate usefulness of their learning – they want to apply what they learn to solve and handle problems faced in their daily life; Adults fear to the educational process – normally graduated from school years and do not familiar with those process; Adults are hard to change – with their prior experience, their conducts become a habit, and some even though became their character already. Andragogy vs Pedagogy Since the Andragogy is a learning theory for adult learners, and which is contrast to Pedagogy. The following table summarizes the assumptions and processes of andragogy and pedagogy: Assumption / Processes Andragogy Pedagogy Need to know Clearly understand why they need to know before choose to learn. Only need to know what the teacher teaches. Self-concept Raise of self-directedness Dependency Experience Learners are a wealth resource for learning Tiny worth Readiness to learn Developed from life’s experience Directly related to age level and curriculum Orientation Problem centered Self centered Motivation Motivated by internal payoffs and curiosity Motivated by external incentives and punishment Time perspective Immediacy of application Postponed application Learning climate Interaction Respectful Informal Authority Competitive Formal Planning Mutual self-diagnosis By educator / instructor Formulation of objectives Mutual negotiation By educator / instructor Teaching strategies Experiential techniques Transmittal techniques Evaluation Mutual measurement of program By educator / instructor Barriers of learning Compare with children and teenagers, adult learners have different roles and many responsibilities in their daily life, they must balance against the demands of learning. Those responsibilities will cause barriers against their choice to return to school or participate in workplace training. Normally, those barriers can separated into three categories: 1) Attitudinal barriers; 2) Time and financial barriers; and 3) Education barriers. We need to identify those barriers and overcome them and take control of our own learning. Attitudinal barriers Knew already – People with â€Å"I already know† attitude to reject learning. He think it does not require training in that area, because he may already trained or thought himself had enough knowledge in that aspect. And properly people has this attitude are come with good education level; Previous experience – Generally people are used to learn in a traditional style, instructor teach with transmittal techniques. With this experience, they may feel the learning is irrelevant or boring, so they reject. Lacks of trust – Students attend a class with different backgrounds and goals. Do not trust the other participants will cause some of them do not participate actively in class for nervous and shy. Problems of motivation – people come to learn without initiative, they were forced to learn. Hard to motivate people if they don’t have own motivation. Time and financial barriers Lack of time – No matter the duration of a course, adults need to invest time to join it. They need to â€Å"sacrifice† from other activities and concern of its existence. Lack of money – Free training is minority. Therefore, money always is a main barrier to access adult education services. Family responsibilities – Caring for children, the obligation of accompany spouse, will cause shortage of study time. Organizing schedule – You need to change or sacrifice the study timetable because of the family and work responsibilities. Education barriers Too old to learn – Generally can be find in older and low education level people. The behaviour of reject learning is because they don’t familiar with the new technology or specialized languages, and their reaction time is often slow. Lack of confidence – Low self-esteem, past failures experience mark the adults, preventing them to overcome frustrations and fears. Reflection First of all, I would like to introduce myself, and the brief of my background are shown as below: Male, 42 years old, married with 2 children (12 Yrs & 7 Yrs). I’ve been serving the Hong Kong Police Force for 22 years, working in operational field but non-frontline. Besides operation planning, I’m also involved in a â€Å"Diploma in Police Search & Venue Security Programme†, which was held by Hong Kong Police and granted accreditation from HKCAAVQ, I’m one of the instructors of this programme. I am F.5 graduated, then granted a diploma of Police Policing on 2002, and that was my last academic certificate. According to my profile, I am a typical adult learner and faced most of the barriers that I had mentioned previously. I would like to critique the strengths and weaknesses of andragogy with my own circumstance. Strengths As an adult learner, the motivation of learning is very important, is core factor of adult education. Adults have different tasks and needs in their daily life; they will put their needs in orderly with the seniority. If the need is related to learning, they will have a great motivation, and learning become the priority in their life, so no any barriers can block them, and they study best in this situation. However, the concept of â€Å"motivation† is not the strength of andragogy in my view. Upon my opinion, I will choose the concept of â€Å"need to know†, because it’s the factor that cause â€Å"motivation†. With the â€Å"why†, â€Å"what† and â€Å"how†, I will explain the principle of â€Å"need to know† on my circumstance. At the beginning, I come to class for my own promotion and seem as career  investment. I like my current career, and seem to be my life occupation. In order to enhance my competitive advantage and help myself excel in my working place, I choose to continue learning. That will offer opportunities for further development and lead promotion. My view have change during this training, I find out I know more about the adult training theory, which help me to teach the trainee in my programme; enhance the communication skill with my children and people around me. The most important is I know myself more, I am shortage not only in academic standard but also in daily knowledge. I enjoy study and hunger for the knowledge. My motivation of learning becomes stronger and stronger, because I clearly understand why I need to learn, what I need to learn and how I need to learn. Weaknesses During this moment, I will say the concept of â€Å"Orientation† is the weakness of my own learning. Since I come for learning is not for a problem solve purpose, and the subject I study also not relate to my daily task. Conclusion Knowles introduced and develop the andragogy as core principles of adult learning. It help the educator designing and conducting adult learning, and build more effective learning processes for adults. Andragogy works prefect in practice when it is adapted to fit the special character of the learners and the learning organizations. References Adams, N. B. (n.d.). Andragogy. Andragogy. Retrieved March 1, 2014, from http://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/nadams/etec630%26665/Knowles.html Ana, B. (2013, October/November). Characteristics of adult learning. Characteristics of Adult Learning. Retrieved March 1, 2014, from http://www.slideshare.net/aliceproject/39-ana-badea Andragogy how adults learn. (2013, October/November). Andragogy How Adults Learn. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/xilo24/andragogy-how-adults-learn Aspell, D. D. (n.d.). Retrieved August, 2003, from http://www.umsl.edu/~henschkej/andragogy_articles_added_04_06/aspell_Andragogy%20-%20Adult%20Learning.pdf Crawford, S. R. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1,

Art History Essay -- William Hogarth, Hogarthian Style

The Hogarthian style, is believed to have laid the foundation of the Rococo era also referred to as Late Baroque, its use of simplistic shell like shapes to promote colloquialisms of ornamental symmetry. Use of intercut design within portraiture ,providing smooth and consistent brush strokes in order to provide a precise depiction of the narrative , presenting subtle elements of eroticism in order to express a sense of playfulness and elegance of the era . Use of drapery to complement the bodily composition for each character , the use of broad and subtle emotional states express aspects of classicism such as contrapposto to provide bodily composition to create a sense of dynamics o... ... middle of paper ... ...to maintain the balance. While the other resides at her waist complementing her feminine figure. Such emphasis on bodily composition and femininity , contributes to the satirical elements of the Rococo era, presenting such sexual themes in order to emphasize that the woman presented wishes for the embrace of financial security. Hoping that a beloved gentlemen well arrive in order to provide her a substantial future. But also infers the common trend of the era was infidelity , usually portrayed through scandals, that commoners engaged the aristocracy, through acts of intercourse in order to satisfy the erotic needs of their superiors , either believing that the individual well be a worthy partner both economically and emotionally. Or simply she adopts the life style of a cortisone and or escort , simply using her physical beauty in order to implement clients.

MOD2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MOD2 - Essay Example ion acquired from job analysis helps for HR planning which involves recruiting right number of employees at the right job and developing HR functions. The most significant use of job analyses is to create a job description. Job description helps to clarify reporting relationships, work functions and helps employees to understand the job. Job description has been used by the companies to provide information to applicants about the job involvement. Prominent information gathered from the job analysis helps to create job description. The part of job description is to compile the findings of job analysis and providing information about the responsibilities needed to be performed for a particular job (Cushway, 2008). Without the salient information from job analysis, job description cannot be created. Job analysis and job description on the particular job helps to identify key responsibilities areas (KRAs). KRA includes communication skills, technical and personal skills, physical, mental and emotional ability of particular applicant to handle particular task. With the help of job analysis, organization can hire most suitable candidate on the job (Sostrin, 2013). This helps to identify candidate that are eligible for the job during the hiring process. Job description provides information to the applicants about the key areas that needed to be focused on the particular job. Job analysis can be conducted in medical area by including any medical license or certificates required for the job. It can also be conducted as the time spent by the employees to perform the job. Job description would help to ensure knowledge about the particular job in medical arena (Price & Novak, 2009). Currently I am working in a logistics management organization as a human resource executive. My job role is to find and source effective and skilled employees for the inventory management department. My job description is to sort out appropriate applicants from the received mail. In addition

Explaining Mens Entry Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Explaining Mens Entry - Article Example The article has focused on the social imperatives that may be responsible for men taking up jobs in female concentrated occupations. The article, on the contrary, is a research study that has touched an aspect of the gender issue that is not voluntary but forced on the so-called dominating male. The author says that in the contemporary times, men are entering into female concentrated occupations but refuse to contemplate or accept the need for either crossing the socio-psychological barrier or making any efforts to bridge the increasing divisions within the social fabric. They are not entering into the so-called female occupation out of personal preferences but because they either do not have any option or their decisions are solely based on vested interests and career goals. The article details the short research that was conducted on the odd 27 men, gives pertinent information regarding men’s behavior under different situational paradigm. The research methodology was focused on ‘interview’ that could have prompted the pre-meditated response. But at the same time, it has combined so many issues into one that the impact of the study has lost context and bumbles at the dark recesses of the research arena that are either already proved or have already been articulated by others. The research itself is confined to such small sample that it may not actually represent the true state of the issue in question. The highlight of the research was that the men were perceived to have personalities that are focused towards self-interests and ego-based, which were often at the crossroad to the wider objectives of the workplace. The research has reasserted that masculinity is a major factor with men and have analyzed in a scientifically comprehensive manner that may not be easily understood by a common man.

PDA SIM Strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PDA SIM Strategies - Assignment Example Also, there should be a target of assigning the necessary resources to the segments that are being profitable. This strategy might not be immediately very profitable, as there will probably be some more inherent costs, even though some profit is expected, which will help in the company's actual financial situation. It is essential to start thinking about producing and marketing new products with the same characteristics which the actual consumers need. The products that the customers want to be on the market should be concentrated on, rather than continuing to offer the same customized products. I have learned from this simulation that in order to create demand, there has to be adequate investment in hiring of sales offices, web centers, customer service, promotions and advertising. I feel that for better profitability, there must be good relations with suppliers and customers. According to Kreitner and Kinicki, "Effective change requires reinforcing new behaviors, attitudes and organizational practices" (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2004). Also, having the right products, in the exact moment seems to require quite some time, and I think this is another important issue to be considered. When an organisation has produced the right product or services, they would want to deliver it according to other current products and happenings in the actual market, and also according to what the competition is doing. I think it is important for the company to examine what the priorities are, and to review the currently established brand service prices.Since the X7 handheld is in its growth phase, there are many potential X7 customers in the market. So, most of the customers for the X7 will be new customers. 1. How you did on this round (Better or worse What was your score). Better 2. Why do you think you did better (or worse) I was able to appreciate the nature of the pda marketing strategies better. 3. What changes in strategy will you make for the final round The performance of the X7 is holding steady, as compared with the competition, so I will increase its production and sales Works cited Kreitner, R., Kinicki, A. (2003). Organizational behavior New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved February 12, 2007 from University of PhoenixResource, MBA520 Resource optimization website http://forio.com/pdasim.htm

WE can but should we Use of quick response codes in health care Research Paper

WE can but should we Use of quick response codes in health care - Research Paper Example In order for a first respondent to access an individual’s data on the bar code during an emergency, the smartphone or other enabled devices can be used to scan the bar code. Although this technology in health care might play a big role in emergency cases, there are various concerns such as privacy concerns, raised by its use, which might discourage most health care institutions and individuals from adopting it. The history of the quick response codes is traced in Japan. This is where the Japan-based company Denso Wave Corporation invented this technology, back in the year 1994. However, initially, this technology was not meant for or used in health care. Instead, the company invented this technology to help in tracking Toyota vehicles and vehicle parts, during the process of manufacturing. However, in the most years, packaging companies and consumer advertisers have been responsible for the infiltration of the quick response codes in the United States of America. Today, quick response codes are found on the internet, on mails from advertisers, on books, and on billboards. In this case, the bar codes have data about the advertised products and the company, as well as the URL’s of the company. Most recently, quick response codes have crossed the border from advertising and marketing industry to the health care sector. In health care, this technology is still new, therefore, has not been adopted by many health care institutions today. Knowledge of the technology and expertise still lacks, since this technology is still in its initial stage of implementation in the health care sector. For instance, in the United States of America today, only countable health care institutions have adopted this technology, and these

HowwastheUnited NationshapedbythefailureoftheLeagueofNations Essay

HowwastheUnited NationshapedbythefailureoftheLeagueofNations - Essay Example League of Nations was not a state, it was commonly acknowledged and established entity through the mutual consent of the countries from all over the world. The pioneer of this idea was American President Woodrow Wilson who was famously known for his 14 points gave the idea of an organization of similar magnitude that would set the world on its footings for development and progress (Hakim, 2002, 16). League of Nations was an effective entity on many accounts; however, it failed on numerous fronts and as a result made the countries feel the need of replacing it by a more effective entity. The more effective entity came into existence after the Second World War. That Entity was called United Nations Organization (Conforti, 2005, 6). Briefly put, United Nations Organisation came into existence because of the inability, weaknesses, and silence of League of Nations in many cases (Arp, 2013, 717). The real need and purpose of establishing United Nations organization can be understood by com prehending the overall structure and working of League of Nations and further looking into the areas where League of Nations failed to deliver. Based on that an analysis and observation can be drawn which would allow understanding the establishment of United Nations Organisations. ... g about immediate end to disputes, resolving them through good counsels and establishing global order that would allow overall development and progress of humanity (Johnstone, 2009, 1). Despite the similarity in agenda, the former suffered on account of its structure and weaknesses in its outer formed units. League of Nations lacked several necessary councils and bodies that are part of United Nations and now U.N stands in a much better position than the predecessor global organization. Broadly it was the political failure of League of Nations that invoked the need and realization for an entity that would be far stronger than the predecessor and would guarantee peace across the globe. Achievements of United Nations Organizations: Despite the number of minor weak links of U.N, the organization stands firm and better than its predecessor on multiple accounts. Since its inception nearly six decades ago, the entity has enabled preventing any major war outbreak that might engulf the major states in a war. The world since the establishment of United Nations has seen the complete stoppage of any nuclear attack by any other country unlike the days of League of Nations when United States of America launched a nuclear strike upon Japan’s twin cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Watson, 2010, 33). The fact that every country on the surface of earth is part of the United Nations General Assembly adds to the strength and positives of U.N as an entity. The number has been constantly increasing and it has not seen any withdrawal by any nation in the manner League of Nations did. Socioeconomic facet of U.N: United Nations Organizations has a far more comprehensive and stronger socioeconomic domain. It is a multifaceted entity that aims at eradicating poverty, literacy issues,

Alaska airlines Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Alaska airlines - Statistics Project Example As a matter of fact, it has been a dominant player the U.S. West Coast air. The carrier has long been known for offering friendly and highly comfortable services. Additionally, Alaska Airlines is reputed as having embraced innovative technology towards improvement of customer experience. However, in the recent past, it has faced stiff competition, more especially from South West Airlines, that has seen it loose a substantial portion of its clients. This paper seeks to establish the major areas where competitors have banked on to infringe into Alaska Airlines and further narrow down to the important ones that should be accorded greater importance to protect the market from further infringement. Pareto analysis is used to achieve this. 2. Description of the Problem Environment The services offered by Alaska Airlines extend beyond just getting onto a plane and getting seated, awaiting flight to the next destination. It also offers a range of other services including freight transportation and Food and Beverage Services. The airline’s food and beverages line offers hot and fresh meal for purchase in almost all flight durations exceeding two and a half hours. Passengers are allowed to make on-board purchases using Visa ® branded cards, MasterCard ®, American Express ®, and Discover ® brand logo cards. Debit and gift cards are included. To accommodate passengers who do not have debit or credit card, $6 vouchers are offered for purchase at all ticket counters.

Has Our Political System Succeeded Essay Example for Free

Has Our Political System Succeeded Essay The political system began with the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson on July 4, 1776. After that document the Articles of Confederation came out, which were adopted in 1777. The Articles of Confederation was the first attempt to set up a government in the US. Then our Constitution came out in 1787,it was made into three plans: the Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, and then the Connecticut compromise. Four things our Constitution accomplished were indirect democracy, limited government, checks and majority rule, and an outline of what the different branches of government do. The US two main parties are Republican and Democrat. The Democratic Party was founded in 1828, and the Republican party was founded in 1854. Our political system has succeeded in many forms. One form would be our checks and balances within the federal government and on a local level. Provisions have been improved over the years to regulate proper placement of funds and equal rights to citizens. The origin of our political system begins with congress. The main responsibilities of congress are making laws, overseeing the FBI and CIA, casework, representing their districts, setting an agenda, and conflict resolution. Our society has relied upon a bicameral system, where there have been a House of Representatives and a Senate. Some of the responsibilities of the House of Representatives include reviewing bills and beginning the impeachment process. The Senates duties include giving advice and consenting on treaties, conducting impeachment trials, and appointing upper-level judicial officers. Where I feel our political system has not done so well is with bureaucrats. Bureaucracy has some positive aspects like specialization, making sure rules and regulations are carried out, and neutrality. There are two types of bureaucrats. The first one is a civil servant who is hired based on merit, and the second one is a political appointee who is selected based on whom they know. It is a common issue that bureaucrats are given too much power and that they abuse those powers, which causes flaws in our political system. It does, however, seem that bureaucrats are vital for the functioning of any political system; they are generally not well liked, though. Several attempts to reform bureaucracy have been made, such as the Sunshine laws, which are laws that dictated that agencies have to be conducted in the public eye. Privatization is another reform where the government turns over more jobs to private sectors. A good change for our society was when the Government Performance and Results Act of 1997 were introduced. This sought to improve governmental efficiency by making agencies describe their goals and create mechanisms for evaluating their goals. Overall, our political system has proven to be stable and has succeeded. Of course, there are going to be positive and negative aspects, but, at the end, for what our nation has had to deal with in the past 228 years, we have done far better than any other country.

Writing Culture: the Poetics and Politics of Ethnography

Writing Culture: the Poetics and Politics of Ethnography Introduction During the 25 years since the publication of Writing Culture: the poetics and politics of ethnography, a great deal of discussion has accompanied it. In this essay I place this book in the context of the literary turn in anthropology, and concern with the postcolonial encounter as well. Throughout the analysis of the main themes in the book, attention is paid to the construction of ethnographic authority and two relationships of ethnographer/reader and ethnographer/informant centered in Writing Culture. The essay also provides a perspective of the influential power of the book by presenting some ethnographies conducted by Chinese anthropologists. Finally, I will argue the risks of the textualism trend and different patterns in Writing Culture approach. Background of the Book: In and Beyond Anthropology More than ten years after the publication of Writing Culture, in a review article, George Marcus (1998:5) quoted Schneiders words referring to the book: I dont think Jim Clifford is famous for his monograph on Leenhardt. I dont think that George Marcus has achieved some notoriety because he worked on Tonga. Indeed, I dont know anybody whos read the ethnography he wrote. In fact, Ive often talked to people and asked them, Hay, have you read George Marcuss ethnography? No!-but I read that other damn book. It is a very typical and interesting comment. As an anthropologist, George Marcus is best remembered for editing the collection of essays rather than his own ethnographic work; and similarly, James Clifford, a historian, is frequently regarded as an anthropologist by force of being the editor of the same book. The comment also reveals that the book is controversial, and it has witnessed harshly criticism after its appearance. However, there is no denying that Writing Culture is one of the most important books throughout the history of anthropology-the milestone of the post-modern era and the cornerstone of the experimental ethnography (Gao 2007, Scholte 1987). 1. The literary turn There is nothing outside the text. (Derrida) The book, with eleven essays in it (including the introduction and afterword), is based on a series of seminars at the School of American Research in Santa Fe, New Mexico, the United States of America in April 1984(Clifford and Marcus 1985). By taking the making of ethnographic text (Clifford and Marcus 1986:vii) as the focal point of their seminars, the participants not only viewed WRITING as a elementary method, but also the central issue of social cultural anthropology. Ethnographic writing is then critically examined in aspects of social context, the use of rhetoric devises, the limitations of disciplinary traditions, the definition of its genre, the political engagement, and historical transformations.[1] Why is writing becoming a principle thing in anthropology? In order to answer this question, inevitably, we take into consideration the literary turn, or say textualism trend in anthropology in the 1980s. The literary turn, just as its name implies, by taking text, writing and literary devices as key concepts and employing textual and literary analyses, is a radical shift which provides strikingly different epistemological and methodological approaches in the discipline of anthropology (Scholte 1987). Although it is difficult to figure out whether Writing Culture is more a cause or a result of the literary turn, the book is definitely a key ingredient of it. I would further suggest that Levi-Strauss, Geertz and Writing Culture should be considered as a sequence in the context of the literary turn. What the Writing Culture authors claim, such as the diversity of representations, possibilities of interpretations, at a glance, are totally different from Levi-Strausss pure unity, reduced models and deep culture grammar. At the same time, Levi-Strausss strong sense of symbol and meaning within a symbolic language system and his linguistic analogy approach (Barrett 1996) are valuable legacies to Geertz and Writing Culture. Furthermore, his research on mythology threw fresh light on the interdisciplinary studies across anthropology and literature. Then, Geertz, who is profoundly influenced by Levi-Strauss and Weber, has a more important and complex influence on Writing Culture. Firstly, his concern of anthropological interpretations and thick descriptions, fieldwork and post fieldwork, (Geertz 19751983) provided the basis for Writing Culture explorations. Secondly, Geertzs local knowledge, natives point of view (Geertz 19751983) and assertion of an amiable and intelligible style insp ired Writing Culture authors to portray fieldwork as a dialogical approach, and consequently take the interactions of ethnographers/the indigenous people (Barrett 1996) and ethnographers/readers in to account. Thirdly, Geertzs ethnographies became important materials of Writing Culture 2. Postcolonial encounter and Cultural Representation I used to rule the world Seas would rise when I gave the word Now in the morning I sweep alone Sweep the streets I used to own One minute I held the key Next the walls were closed on me And I discovered that my castles stand Upon pillars of salt and pillars of sand Lyrics of Viva la Vida (Coldplay 2009) The birth of this book is not narrowly concerned with the inheritance and development of theory and methodology within the discipline, but rather deeply rooted in the historical background and the reconstruction among the entire academic community. As an academic discipline, anthropology is developed in the context of imperialism and colonialism. The long-time contact between European conquerors and the colonists shaped forms of power and knowledge, and anthropologists at that time entered into non-European aboriginal communities as observers and describers (Asad 2002). Anthropology narrated power relations; at the same time it was also potentially counter-hegemonic (Clifford 1986:9). In 1980s, which was the postcolonial and postwar era without the umbrella of the colonial power, anthropology started to face a more complex nexus of power relations. The postcolonial situation affected the main interests of anthropology and challenged the authority of ethnography. Moreover, anthropology from then on, was not only carried out by Europeans and Americans, but also by those from the so-called Third World who were studying their own cultures; and neither Western culture nor the non-Western cultures remained the same in the ever-changi ng world (Clifford 1986, Layton 1997). In Writing Culture, the analyses of ethnographic discourses- asking who speaks? who writes? when and where? with or to whom? under what institutional and historical constrains?(Clifford 1986)-is a repercussion of the postcolonial encounter. Another important feature of the 1980s is the increasing flow of so-called postmodernism in academia-grand narrative was abandoned and details of everyday life took their place. Accordingly, singular culture was replaced by the plural one, and cultures were understood as representations and knowledge; and man with a small m took place of Man with variability. More importantly, the process of rethinking cultural representation again called into question the authenticity of representation itself and Writing Culture elegantly captured the main themes in this discussion. Three Main Themes of the Book In general, Writing Culture is an introspection, which attempts to examine anthropology traditions (especially the traditional ethnography) as well as anthropologists themselves. I will explore three main themes in the reflections. 1. Partial truth Knowledge is power,and that one must never reveal all of what one knows. Saramaka folktale, in Price (1983:14) cited in Clifford (1986:7) The most essential and fundamental point in Writing Culture is the questioning of ethnographic authenticity. In the 1920s, ethnography was defined and established not only as a genre of cultural description depending on intensive participant observation (Clifford 1983), but also a main research method internalised as a academic criterion in the field of anthropology (Gao 2006). This new style of ethnography-scientific ethnography, built by Malinowski, investigated the totality of culture with a holistic view and documented different layers of ethnographic reality(Kuper 1996). About 50 years later, the theorizing of ethnographic realism sprung up. In 1977, Paul Rabinow, who is a contributor of Writing Culture, published his book Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco. His provocative descriptions of the fieldwork itself and his own feelings in the field reveal that fieldwork is a process of intersubjective construction of liminal modes of communication (1977:155) which constantly involve s valuation, and the ethnographer is not a objective observer but a real person with self-consciousness and certain cultural background who makes and remakes facts. Unlike the revelations of Malinowskis fieldwork dairy and the Mead-Freeman controversy, anthropologists started to look at themselves consciously and pondered-what is the ethnographic truth. This issue has been argued throughout the book. Take for example Vincent Crapanzanos Hermess Dilemma: The Masking of Subversion in Ethnographic Description (1986); he analyses three ethnographic texts by George Catlin, Wolfgang von Goethe and Clifford Geertz to probe how does the ethnographer make his/her work convincing. The three authors use distinctive figures, namely hypotyposis, external theatrical narrativity and interpretive virtuosity, to convince the readers of the descriptions in their texts. He argues that, as a matter of fact, their rhetoric tools make the described events devoiced from the original settings, and finally, it is the ethnographers authority which covers the subversion up. However, the ethnographers authority-his/her presence, perceptual ability, disinterested perspective, objectivity and sincerity (1986:53), is questionable. Does being there mean witnessing everything? Is the perceptual ability trained in a certain culture adequate and reliable? Is disinter ested perspective or objectivity even possible? If not, how can one reach the whole truth by selected fragmentary information? The underlying institutional system and power relations work through all these issues and enmesh in the anthropological knowledge, not to mention the cultural filtering, the information is not completed at the source. Crapanzanos essay reminds us that the ethnographer, like Hermes who decodes and interprets messages, promised to tell no lies but did not promise to tell the whole truth (1986:76). From this perspective, ethnographic truth no longer pursues the true view of the whole world, as Clifford and Rabinow point out in the book, ethnographic truths are partial, committed and incomplete (Clifford 1986:7) and in bondage to cultural settings. 2. Literary devices All constructed truths are made possible by powerful lies of exclusion and rhetoric. As I have mentioned before, Writing Culture is related to the literary turn of anthropology with the foundation of seeing ethnographies as texts. It is easy to point out that another major theme of the book is the literary devices employed in ethnographies, and in which the rhetoric issue has been mostly discussed. For instance, Renato Rosaldos From the Door of His Tent: The Fieldworker and the Inquisitor (1986), by comparing The Nure written by Evens Pritchard with Montaillou written by French social historian Ladurie, demonstrates how ethnographic rhetoric could assist in building authority and objectivity. Needless to repeat, The Nure is a ethnographic masterpiece, and for Montaillou, it is famous for providing an ethnographic analysis of a French community in fourteenth century by using inquisition record. Rosaldo states that, in the first place, in the introductory section, by frankly acknowledging the inequality between the inquisitor / his subjects, the fieldworker/ the Nuer, the authors both indicate the calm presence of mind(1986:89); then, they style themselves as honest men through complaining about the difficulties in gaining information in uneasy tensions between investigators and informants. After that, they claim their information is gradually collected in particles in order to construct the reliability; meanwhile, distanced normalizing mode of discourse, rhetorical absences[2], correspondences[3], etc. are used to enhance the sense of objectivity. In sum, the rhetorical work in introductory parts of the two books by means of separating the context of colonial domination from the production of ethnographic knowledge (1986:93)establish the authors innocence and the ethnographic authority as well. Furthermore, in both authors, the pastoral mode is invoked. The literary mode of pastoral is, firstly a symbol of the spiritual liberty, secondly a mobile position of speaking, and thirdly a label of courtesy and respect. Rosaldos essay interestingly illustrates that, although the power and knowledge relations have not been completely kicked off, to a great extent, they are concealed by the rhetoric tools. Ethnographic rhetoric has a strong impact on the understandings of the ethnographic texts (Scholte 1987). 3. Writing of Self Continued from the preceding paragraph, the mobility in ethnographers positions is demonstrated cumulatively in other chapters of Writing Culture as well. Fieldwork in Common Places by Mary Louis Pratt (1986) provides an illustration. Her essay focuses on the significant history of the relationship between personal narrative and impersonal description (1986:27) in ethnographies and travel writings. Pratt starts with a controversy that anthropology graduate Florinda Donners work Shabobo: A True Adventure in the Remote and Magical Heart of the South American Jungle is facing accusations of plagiarism, because there are some events in her book which are the same as others. Here, Pratt asks a very inspiring question: as ethnography demands accurate descriptions, for describing the same events at the same place, how could Donners work not resemble others? Pratt argues that the authority of ethnography, in some sense, is based on the unique and original personal experience in the field not the factual accuracy (1986:29) of a certain ethnography. From this perspective, personal narratives cannot be eliminated from ethnography, and it also explains why the subgenre of formal ethnography, such as Malinowskis diaries, has not been killed by science (1986:31), but turned into a prolonged tradition of anthropology. Even in formal ethnographies, personal narrative is an integral part. It marks the relationship among the fieldworker, indigenous people, and the audience. It also serves as a regulator, reconciling the inconsistency between the subjective engagement in fieldwork, and the detachment; the self-effacement in formal ethnographic writing. Moreover, her analysis shows that, even in the time of so-called scientific ethnography, ethnographers were writing from multiple, constantly shifting positions, and self is never a scientist-observer (1986:39). To consider further from this point, we could identity a difference between classical ethnography and experimental ethnography. For Malinowski, and his students Firth and Evens-Prichard, the writing of self is a strategy serving for building the authority of scientific ethnography; however, for Rabinow and his contemporary anthropologists, the consciously self-realization in ethnographic writing successfully opens up a dimension for reflective thinking. The self, thus, is public, and mediates in different cultures. The appearance of the new kind of self writing is very provocative: epistemologically, in view of the production and explanation of the knowledge,it penetrates into the relationship between knowledge of self and knowledge of the Other and how knowledge is hermeneutically represented(Rapport, and Overing 2000); methodologically, it seeks for the diversity of ethnographic writing, more specifically, the expression of the subjectivity, the utilization of rhetoric, or, I would say, the writing style. 4. A summary of the three themes: one centre and two basic relationships Throughout all three themes-ethnographic truth, rhetoric in ethnography, and the writing of self, there is a central point-the construction of ethnographic authority, which cannot be comprehended without reference to the power relations. The power relations derive from the Foucaultian intertwining of knowledge and power in the academic discipline as well as the fluctuant historical and political affiliation. Here, I will not repeat these issues which I have argued in the first part, rather, I would suggest two relationships existing in the main themes of Writing Culture: a) ethnographers and the natives they studied, and b) anthropologists and their readers. Having inherited the tradition of Geertzs interpretive anthropology, Writing Culture highlights the reconstruction of the ethnographer/informant relations (Wang Gao). Indigenous people and their culture are no longer viewed as silent and uniform objects. Ethnographic knowledge, as suggested by Rabinow (1977), is built on a bilateral understanding in certain cultural contexts. At the same time, more importantly, the book pays close attention to the relationship between anthropologists and the readers. Same as the literary outputs, ethnographies shape the relations with the audiences through texts (Xu 2001). Both the completed texts and reading activities are certainly influenced by the literary processes (Clifford 1986). By scanning how ethnographies communicate with their readers, the reflexive essays[4] portray ethnography as a kind of dialogue, and the conversational readership allows, or I could say, encourages the readers to take part in the investigation of ethnographic writing. In addition, the discussions regarding the ethnographers distinguished positions in describing others and expressing Self, permit the readers to obtain the different perspectives which the ethnographers have themselves. As Spencer indicated (1989), the correspondence to multiple positions provided by a master hand is a feature of a good ethnography. Why is it important to tak e the readership of ethnography into consideration? I think it depends largely on the unique and versatile character of this readership. Marcus and Cushman (1982) present six categories of readerships of ethnography. The categories differ in purpose, positions, and some of them may merge with another (the first and second one in particular) or others: (1) the specialist readership, (2) the general anthropological readership, (3) readerships from the other social sciences (4) the student readership, (5) the action oriented readership,(6)the popular readership(1982:51-52). Ethnography, firstly, as a genre and a method as well, interposes itself between humanities (relating to category 1 and 2) and social sciences (relating to category 3); secondly, serves as a puberty rite for professional anthropologists (relating to category 4); thirdly, emerges into social and political decision-making for certain historical and institutional reasons (relating to category 5); and finally, attracts common readers thanks to its literary feature and exotic nature (relating to category 6). It is obvious that the readerships of ethnography are extremely complicated and should be carefully identified. Both ethnographers and readers must be self-conscious (Rapport 2000). Hence, the ethnographer/reader relation issue raised by Writing Culture writers, from this angle, is stimulating from the 1980s till today. The ethnographer/reader relation, together with the ethnographer/informant relation, is located in the power discourse and knowledge discourse. Once again, the two relationships echo the central idea of Writing Culture-the authority and power. In a word, although the three themes I proposed are not a very complete summary of the book, the one centre and two basic relationships they conveyed, in my opinion, have demonstrated the most insight and innovation of Writing Culture. Writing Culture: the Chinese Experience In the preliminary report of the Writing Culture seminar and papers, Clifford and Marcus state that Writing Culture is lacking the feminist point of view as well as Third World or non-European approach (Clifford and Marcus 1985). For the former omission, I agree with Schotle (1987) that, some feminist perspectives is inconspicuously harbored in Pratts essay. However, for sure, there is not a so-called Third World standpoint in Writing Culture, which I think is a significant irony for its analysis of power play in the post-colonial time. In Third World countries, anthropology is in a very different context. Their people and cultures have for a long time been discovered, observed, described, and represented by Westerners. Non-Western anthropologists and their ethnographic works are the symbols of the reconfiguration within the discipline, and most of them naturally locate their fieldwork sites in their own cultures to study their own people. Generally speaking, anthropology[5] of the Third World witnesses a fruitful period in the postwar era, which is also the golden age of experimental ethnography, and to some extent, it could be taken as anthropology at home which employs the self-reflexive approach mentioned in Writing Culture. I will then, taking China as an example, look at some ethnographic cases conducted by Chinese anthropologists relating to Writing Culture. I assume it a good perspective to explore the influential power of Writing Culture and its echoes. The first case is Huang Shumins ethnography The Spiral Road:Change In A Chinese Village Through The Eyes Of A Communist Party Leader(1998). Depending on his one-year fieldwork (first ten chapters) and a revisit (chapter 1112) in a village in Fujian province, China, Huang provides a picture of the huge political and economic change and development in a Chinese village from the founding of Peoples Republic of China to the 1990s as well as the impact on the personal and pubic life of a peasant, who is the a political leader in the community. The political struggles, the hardship of raising a family, and the peasants life wisdom are vividly described through a first-person narrative life history approach. Although his novel-like ethnography is first published in English, Huang is regarded as one of the best Chinese anthropologists for his proficient writing skills and great success in narrating the complexity of historical events in rural China in a lighter tone. The second case is drawn from Li Chunxias PhD dissertation Television and the Life of Yi People in China (2005)[6]. As a Yi[7] anthropologist, her ethnography explores how television profoundly incorporated into the fabric (2005: 5) of local peoples daily life. In the text, Lis fieldwork notes collected during her three-year fieldwork at her own village give expression to her close emotional ties with native people, and deliver her concerns and worries of the ethnic minorities living circumstances in contemporary China. Meanwhile, as a scholar, she keenly captures the metaphorical meaning of modernization, development and prosperity by television. Her analysis penetrates into the relations of Yi people/Han people, and pre-modern/modern. The reflexivity about the periphery/centre relations is a main steam in contemporary anthropology of China. The third case is Zhuang Kongshaos ethnographic research on a hot topic in Chinese culture and society: the family education (Zhuang and Feng 2006). He describes the communications and conflicts between a mother and her seven years old daughter and the relations among school education, family education and social education. Zhuang is a pioneer in anthropology of China, not only because he introduces a new approach called educational anthropology, most importantly, the final production of Zhuangs fieldwork is an ethnographic film named My Wife, My Daughter. It is actually beyond the scope of Writing Culture, because it is no longer about the writing and the text. I adopt this case here, trying to argue that, Writing Culture highlights the diversity of ethnography, and now, facing the radical form of ethnography, can the arguments in Writing Culture on ethnographic texts fit in ethnographic films? What is the same and the difference between the grammars of ethnographic writing and seei ng? Are pictures more worthy than words in constructing ethnographic authority? Can texts and films be combined in ethnographic enterprise? Why and how? The book it self is an open ended text, and constantly simulates new questions for anthropologists in the post Writing Culture era, and that also explains why Writing Culture, after more than twenty years, is still being quoted and debated all over the world. It is true, as Schotle harshly points out (1987), that lots of questions in this book remains unclear and unsettled. However, I appreciate the original questions it raised and the appeal to dialogue. Rethinking Writing Culture Following the reflexive direction, I have three points to make on rethinking the book. Before that, I present a brief schema of the three-stage ethnographic research as follows. There is nothing new, however, my questions are based on it. First, with the text-orientation, has the importance of writing been stressed over that of doing ethnography in the book? The potential risk in the textualism emphasized in Writing Culture is that fieldwork retires from the leading position, it has provided a context for substituting the empirical research. As we can see from the schema, fieldwork is the centre of ethnographic research in time and space, and it is also the foundation of anthropology. In this experimental moment, we should not only look at the outcome of fieldwork, but also reflect upon the limitations and new characteristics in fieldwork processes in this Writing Culture or post Writing Culture era. Second, going back to the very first stage, I would argue, different backgrounds of Western and non-Western ethnographers shape two distinguished patterns of reflexive thinking. First, the Western pattern could be called coming home, after studying the Other, from outside in, anthropologists return to the Self, their reflexive thinking is about their own tradition in their own cultural institutions. Second, the non-Western pattern could be named as being home, they do not have a return perspective, their reflexive thinking is still deeply in relation to the West. I fear, in reflexive anthropology, which is greatly established by Writing Culture, anthropologists in the Third World would be more marginalized through their resistance in this centre-periphery discourse. My final thought is on rhetoric issue, which is still an incomprehensible question to me. If rhetoric is an integral component of ethnographic writing, as Rosaldo (1986) argued, there are using and abusing of descriptive rhetoric, then, the next obvious question is: what is the boundary between use and abuse of rhetoric? It seems to me that, use, is a kind of abuse in itself, if so, how can one control it? Epilogue In the final part of my essay, I would like to do an experiment. I will write about my reading experience instead of the conclusion of the whole passage. I originally read this book in Chinese in my junior year at college. As a literature student, I found the book interesting and inspiring, and it positively influenced me in the choosing of anthropology for graduate study. Later, I reread the book both in English and Chinese, and accessed some related articles written by Writing Culture writers. Surprisingly, I found several articles written in collaboration with Clifford and Marcus. Other than this landmark book, Marcus, together with Cushman, wrote Ethnographies as Texts (1982), which is a harbinger of Writing Culture; and he, later, with Fischer, produced the companion volume of Writing Culture-Anthropology as Cultural Critique (1986). Behind these collaborations, I can imagine the interactions of sparkling thoughts as well as understandings and communications. They are spirits of academic research, and also the anthropological endeavor. References Archetti, E.P. (ed.) (1994) Exploring the written: anthropology and the multiplicity of writing. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Asad, T. (1986) The concept of cultural translation in British social anthropology, in Clifford, J. and Marcus, G.E. (eds.) Writing culture: the poetics and politics of ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press. Asad, T. (2002) From the history of colonial anthropology to the anthropology of Western hegemony, in Vincent, J. (ed.) InThe Anthropology of Politics: A Reader in Ethnography, Theory and Critique, Oxford: Blackwell. Barrett, S.R. (1996) Anthropology: a students guide to theory and method. Toronto. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. Clifford, J. (1983) On ethnographic authority, Representations, 2, pp. 118-146. JSTOR[Online]. Available at:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2928386 (Accessed: 13 March 2010) Clifford, J. and Marcus, G.E. (1985) The making of ethnographic texts: a preliminary report, Current Anthropology, 26(2), pp. 267-271. JSTOR[Online].Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2743141 (Accessed: 13 March 2010) Clifford, J. (1986) Introduction: partial truth, in Clifford, J. and Marcus, G.E. (eds.) Writing culture: the poetics and politics of ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press. Clifford, J. and Marcus (1986) Preface, in Clifford, J. and Marcus, G.E. (eds.) Writing culture: the poetics and politics of ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press. Crapanzano, V. (1986) Hermess Dilemma: The Masking of Subversion in Ethnographic Description, in Clifford, J. and Marcus, G.E. (eds.) Writing culture: the poetics and politics of ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press. Fabian, J. (1990) Presence and representation: the Other and anthropological writing, Critical Inquiry, 16(4), pp. 753-772, SAGE[Online].Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1343766 (Accessed: 13 December 2009) Gao, BZ. (2006) The three periods in the development of ethnography-translators preface to Writing Culture, Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 28(3), pp 58-63. CNKI[Online]. DOI: cnki:ISSN:1002-3887.0.2006-03-012 (Accessed: 10 November 2009) Gao, BZ. et al.(2007) On Writing Culture, Reading, 2007(4), CNKI[Online]. DOI: CNKI:ISSN:0257-0270.0.2007-04-026 (Accessed: 10 November 2009) Geertz, G. (1975) The interpretation of cultures. London: Hutchinson. Geertz, G. (1983) Local knowledge: further essays in interpretive anthropology. New York: Basic Books. Geertz, G. (1988) Worksandlives: the anthropologist as author. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Harrell, S. (2001) The anthropology of reform and the reform of anthropology: anthropological narratives of recovery and progress in China, Annual Review of Anthropology, 30, pp. 139-161. JSTOR[Online]. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3069212 (Accessed: 03 March 2010) Huang, JB. (2004) The contending of Writing Culture-Post-modern discourse in anthropology and the change in the sudies, Thinking, 30 (4), pp. 39-43. CNKI[Online]. Available at: cnki:ISSN:1001-778X.0.2004-04-009 (Accessed: 10 November 2009) Huang, SM. (1998) The Spiral Road: Change in a Chinese Village Through theEyes of a Communist Party Leader. 2nd edn. Boulder: Westview Press. James, A. Hockey, J. and Dawson, A. (eds.) (1997) After writing culture: epistemology and praxis in contemporary anthropolog

My Educational Philosophy :: Philosophy of Education Teaching Teachers Essays

My Educational Philosophy Education is the answer to all of the problems facing the world. Knowledgeable people do not take inhumane and unethical actions against others. It is only through the education of others that crime, poverty and hunger will be solved. It is due to the potential of education that has inspired me to be an educator. The ability to make a difference and to communicate my passion for literature and the English language is my driving force and ambition. Inspiring a disinterested student to read or write poetry is a gateway to creative open minds, which will result in a more civilized world. My classroom will be arranged in a horseshoe. In this way, the students are not separated into clusters and the main focus will always be in the end of the horseshoe. Students will be facing one another and there will be open space for discussion. I want bulletin boards to be changed at least once a month. There will be a calendar focusing on historical events in literature. There will also be a timeline of events on whatever book the students are currently reading. In addition, there will be 10 facts about the author of the month that will appear on an extra-credit quiz. Furthermore, I want 15 different vocabulary words on another bulletin focusing on preparation for the ACT and SAT tests. As much as I would like to establish a non-authoritarian atmosphere, I have only seen it fail. Non-Authoritarian attitudes are often taken advantage of by the students. They use their friendship with the teacher to skip class and not do assignments. Besides, nowadays most parents are too worried about being friends that they do not stress authority either. Kids need to find authority somewhere. Authoritarian attitude is essential for at least the beginning of the year. Each class of students is different; therefore, it is not fair to govern them all the same. Some students will want to learn the material and respect the teacher; however, until the students have proven themselves, I will use an authoritarian rule.

A View from The Bridge Essay example -- A View from the Bridge Arthur

A View from The Bridge Discuss the importance of stage directions in Arthur Millers ‘A View From The Bridge’ and what they reveal about the character of Eddie Carbone. Stage directions are very important in drama and this is evident in Arthur Millers ‘A View From the Bridge’. Stage directions give actors and directors character motivation and this allows actors to create believable characters and explain a characters actions and feelings. They also highlight characters emotions that are indirectly portrayed through stage directions instead of directly through dialogue. ‘A View From The Bridge’ has a lot of stage directions, especially when describing the main focus of the play, Eddie Carbone. When describing Eddie, the stage directions are prescriptive, in particular when describing his reactions to certain situations and to other characters. This allows the actor and directors to have a lot of information on how each character should be portrayed. In this play, it is very important for the characters to be portrayed accurately so that the audience can relate to the characters behaviour no matter how irrational; this is why the stage directions are made so prescriptive. Eddie’s character in particular needs to be understood fully so that the audience can understand his emotional reasoning and his obsessive irrational behaviour. Stage directions in ‘View From The Bridge’ often make explicit what is only implicit in the dialogue. This is very true for the character of Eddie. It makes him seem more realistic as in real life people’s actions often contradict their words. The stage directions make Eddie seem like a normal person with conflicting emotions making the audience relate with him more. Th... ...is meant Eddie’s actions had to reveal more about him at time than his dialogue. Even when Eddie finally acts on his love for Catherine, he doesn’t do it through dialogue, he simply kisses her. This simple action tells us more about Eddie’s character at this point than dialogue could. ‘A View From The Bridge’ is similar to a modern version of a Greek tragedy. The central character is led by fate towards a destiny that could not be escaped. Eddie fits into the traditional view of a tragic hero. A strong character who is destroyed by a fatal flaw in his psychological make up. The stage directions are vital parts of the play and without them the play would be in effective and the dialogue would seem somewhat misplaced. This is especially true of Eddie Carbone. He is a man of many layers and they are unravelled primarily through the stage directions.

Microsoft Word 2000 :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Microsoft Word 2000 There are several features in Microsoft Word 2000 that makes document making simple. With features like Automatic Spell Checking, that places a red wavy line under the word that is misspelled automatically. Auto Correct, which automatically corrects commonly, made mistakes that are predetermined in Word. Inserting Clip Art adds graphics and/or pictures to make your document look better. These are just a few of the features in Word that makes document making less challenging. The Automatic Spell Checker checks your document while your typing it for possible spelling and grammar errors. If a word you have typed in is misspelled a red wavy line under the word that is misspelled. If there a grammar error there will be a green wavy line under the grammar error. To fix the error simply right click the wavy line and depending on the severity of the error there will be from one to a few choices to correct the error. If the word isn’t misspelled and it still shows up with a red wavy line under it, you can simply right click the line and choose the "add" selection and it will add the word into the Word library. Another feature in the Automatic Spell Checker is the Auto Correct {insert note here} Inserting Clip Art allows you to brighten up your documents with graphics. the clip art files contains photographs, sounds, and video clips that you can insert into your document. Clip Art is located in the Clip Gallery which contains a collection of clips, separated into sub categories such as. Favorites, academics, animals, backgrounds, borders & frames, buildings, business, button & icons, cartoons, communications, dividers & decor, downloaded clips, emotions, entertainment, flags, food & dining, gestures, government, healthcare & medicine, home & family, household, industry, lost & found, maps, metaphors, music, nature, navigation controls, office, people, people at work, photographs, places, plants, religions, science and technology, seasons, shapes, signs, special occasions, sports & leisure, symbols, transportations, travel, weather, web banners, web dividers, and web elements.

Industrial Revolution †Positive Change Essay

The Industrial Revolution was a chain of events that transformed an agricultural society to an urbanized society. It first started in Britain, then began in Europe and North America, and then grew throughout the whole world. The Industrial Revolution was a good change that made a difference all over the world. It was a good change because of the Textile Industry, New Technology, and Big Business. The Textile Industry brought a very good change during the Industrial Revolution. This was when British merchants organized a cotton cloth industry at home instead of having it been imported from India. Many new devices were invented to produce cloth. These inventions grew faster and faster. James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny in 1764, which spun many threads at once. Then, Richard Arkwright invented the water frame, which used water-power to speed up spinning even further. After these new inventions were invented, they had factories for the devices. This gave spinners, weavers, and many more people opportunities to get a job. They went to work every day to the factories that brought together workers, and machines to produce large quantities of goods. This was obviously a good change. Thus, the Textile Industry brought an amazing change for people during the Industrial Revolution. New Technology and Big Business brought excellent changes to the society during the Industrial revolution. The New Technology was when â€Å"new sources of energy, along with new materials, enable business owners to change the ways work was done† (Esler 198). Turnpikes, trains, ships, cars, and airplanes were invented. These are many means of transportation. It made shipping of goods and belonging much easier. If they bought their own cars, they can travel to near places whenever they want. Also, they could even travel to other countries for many important reasons. Big businesses brought profit to the businesses. It helped create a belief in America that anyone who worked hard is the key to success. This way, many people started becoming very successful financially. Therefore, New Technology and Big Business were a big and important part of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a positive difference throughout the world because of the Textile Industry, New Technology, and Big Business. The Textile Industry helped produce cloth faster and easier. The New Technology brought many new transportation forms. The Big Business made businesses into massive corporations. These were excellent changes in the society. It made the world more urbanized and much easier to live in. If not for these new inventions made during the Industrial Revolution, the world would be much more different.

Two truths and a lie

Emma lives in a foster home because her mom abandoned her in the hospital, and now lives with a family who has a foster mom who is mean and a foster brother who is always trying o get Emma in trouble or either trying to see her naked. Meanwhile Sutton went to a good home with a really loving family and she always gets what she wants and is loved by almost everybody. But one day really surprisingly Sutton disappeared.Lauren who is Cotton's sister but turns out to be a foster sister is really mean and disrespectful to Sutton is always trying to get her in trouble so Lauren can be the good kid in the family, Lauren always turns things around, if Sutton wants to help her, she twists the situation so Sutton would get blamed for it. She changed into a better errors when she got to know Sutton more because she didn't really pay attention to getting to know Sutton more, she Just paid attention to getting Sutton In trouble and not paying attention to Cotton's feelings nor emotions.As they bec ame closer hey started to trust each other more and they had an unbreakable bond. This book compares to other books Is that It caught my attention because I read the back of It and got interested in the book and I don't like too much books because I'm a picky reader, it takes me a while to find a book and get Interested In It so I was happy I found this book. The kind of reader who would Like this book Is a person who Likes fiction but I'm not sure If my book Is a fiction. What I notice about myself as a reader Is that I'm a slow reader and I get lazy sometimes and don't read at home but I try to read as much as can.My mall goal this month Is to read more books and try harder and put more effort In reading because It's going to help me In a long run and I'll know more about thing. I really want to read different kinds books. Two truths and a lie By Victoria-Hosanna getting to know Sutton more, she Just paid attention to getting Sutton in trouble and amperes to other books is that it caught my attention because I read the back of it reader, it takes me a while to find a book and get interested in it so I was happy I found this book.The kind of reader who would like this book is a person who likes fiction but I'm not sure if my book is a fiction. What I notice about myself as a reader is that I'm a slow reader and I get lazy sometimes and don't read at home but I try to read as much as can. My main goal this month is to read more books and try harder and put more effort in reading because it's going to help me in a long run and I'll