Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Lead Contamination in Agro-Based Products as Current Public Health Threat in Bangladesh
Lead contamination in agro-based products as current public health threat in Bangladesh A. M. M. Maruf Hossain1*, M. Shahidul Islam2, Md. Moklesur Rahman1, Md. Mustafa Mamun1, M. Azizul Islam Kazi2, and Syed Fazle Elahi1 1Department of Soil, Water and Environment, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka; 2Analytical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka. *Corresponding author Abstract: Agro-based products are primary to all human food sources. Contamination in these is also the easiest way of human health getting affected in large scale. Among the myriad of agro-based products, commercially produced milks and eggs were sampled. Chicken eggs were sampled from Dhaka and its nearby other seven districts covering the central region of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Narsingdi, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Tangail, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and Munshigonj were selected for the study. Twelve eggs were randomly sampled from each district’s egg stock market. In Dhaka, Gazipur, and Tangail’s market both brown and white colored eggs were found. Six eggs from each type were sampled from these three districts. In the rest five districts only brown colored eggs could be found. Commercial liquid milks of 13 prominent milk producers have been sampled with replication. Introduction: Poultry plays a vital role in the economy of Bangladesh in recent years. The contribution by livestock is 3% of the total GDP (BBS, 2004) and nearly 10% of the agricultural GDP (Poultry Business Directory, 2007). As food poultry provides meat and egg. An egg is a good source of energy, protein, and fat. A 50 g weighing grade A chicken egg provides estimated values of 297 KJ energy, 6g protein, 5g fat (1. 5g saturated, 2. 0g monounsaturated, and 0. 8g polyunsaturated), and 190mg cholesterol. Chicken eggs are the most commonly eaten eggs, and are highly nutritious (FAO, 2007). They supply a large amount of complete, high-quality proteins (which contains all essential amino acids for humans), and provide significant amounts of several vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A, riboflavin, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, choline, iron, calcium, phosphorus and potassium. Again liquid milk is an important source of fat, lactose sugar, and proteins (Casein, Albumin). Egg and milk are essential contexts to our daily diet. Bangladesh has a long historical record of raising poultry under traditional backyard farming. In 1935 improved variety of birds were first introduced in the countries. In the long run it is in the early nineties that a number of private parent stock farms have started their operation to produce commercial Day Old broiler and layer Chicks. Today for commercial egg production layer chicks from these farms are being used. Commercial egg production mostly uses the layer breeds of Hyline Brown, Hyline White, Hisex Brown, Hisex White, ISA Brown, Lohman Brown, Shaver White, and Shaver 579. The prominent milk producers have their own farms in Bangladesh. They produce and market both pasteurized and UTH (ultra high temperature) processed milks. For egg and milk urban people depend completely on commercially produced products while rural people have some practice of backyard farming. As industrial and agricultural practices are not strictly regulated and maintained environment-friendly in Bangladesh, contamination can happen in many ways especially with heavy metals. For this reason a widely distributed egg samples have been collected from Dhaka and its surrounding other seven districts where industrial activities and hence pollution is most prevalent. Similarly a number of liquid milks were sampled with replication to reflect a representative picture. Materials and Methods: Sampling area for egg: The egg sampling area constituted eight districts including capital Dhaka and covered the central region of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Narsingdi, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Tangail, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and Munshigonj were selected for the study. Twelve eggs were randomly sampled from each district’s egg stock market. In Dhaka, Gazipur, and Tangail’s market both brown and white colored eggs were found. Six eggs from each type were sampled from these three districts. In the rest five districts only brown colored eggs could be found. The sampling area is shown in gray color in Figure 1. Figure 1: Map of Bangladesh representing the darkened study area Milk sampling: Commercial liquid milks of 13 prominent milk producers have been sampled with three replications in each. These covered liquid white, mango, chocolate, and banana milks. Aarong – white, Aarong – chocolate, Aarong – mango, Milkvita – white, Milkvita – chocolate, RD – white, RD – mango, RD – banana, Amo – white, Amo – chocolate, Amo – mango, Pran – white, and Starship – chocolate liquid milks were selected for the study. Sample pretreatment: ? The egg samples were boiled in deionized water and after complete boiling albumen and yolk were separately oven-dried at 80oC to remove all moisture. The samples were oven-dried unless the difference between two readings of weight was found negligible. Each of oven-died albumen and yolk were treated and analyzed separately. ? A portion of the liquid milk samples were used for density measurement. Milk samples were treated and analyzed as it is. Sample preparation method: The samples were prepared by using HNO3 – HClO4 digestion (Kebbekus & Mitra, 1998). Since the samples were of organic origin with a very high organic content, HNO3 – HClO4 digestion was preferred over the more common HNO3 extraction for the determination of heavy metals. This strongly oxidizing digestion decomposes organics quickly and efficiently. Sample analysis: Analysis of all prepared samples was performed through atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). BDH standard solution was used for preparation of lead (Pb) standard curve. During the sample preparation for arsenic determination, hydrochloric acid (at least 11. 6 ml concentrated HCl for 100 ml total sample) and KI (at least 1 %) were added. For the other heavy metals no special treatments were done. Hydride vapor generation technique was used in the determination of arsenic and mercury. Chromium, cadmium, lead, and arsenic determination were done in air-acetylene flame whereas mercury determination was done in cold vapor. The lead (Pb) contamination in eggs is calculated by using the average parameter values of total 96 eggs sampled, where albumen and yolk have been studied separately in each egg (Table – 1). Table – 1: Average physical parameters for 96 egg samples from 8 districts Average physical parameter |Average |Standard error | |Whole weight of eggs, g |55. 5098 |0. 7590 | |Shell: albumen: yolk ratio |1: 4. 8672: 1. 9775 |NA | |Albumen raw weight, g |34. 4401 |- | |Albumen moisture content, % |84. 0603 |0. 1512 | |Albumen dry weight, g |5. 900 |- | |Yolk raw weight, g |13. 9930 |- | |Yolk moisture content, % |51. 3656 |0. 1616 | |Yolk dry weight, g |6. 8054 |- | The lead (Pd) contamination in comme rcially produced chicken eggs in Bangladesh is presented in Table 2 (average dry weight basis). Revise SPSS with all new â€Å"data†Table – 2: Pb contamination of chicken eggs in Bangladesh Sample classes |Pb in Egg albumen |Pb in total |Pb in Egg yolk |Pb in total |Total Pb in each |Pb in total egg | | | µg/g |Egg albumen | µg/g |Egg yolk |egg (albumen + |(albumen + yolk), | | |(dry weight) | µg |(dry weight) | µg |yolk),  µg | µg/g | | | |(dry weight) | |(dry weight) | | | | |Values for 6 |5. 905 |30. 6918 |18. 3190 |124. 6680 |155. 3599 |12. 6356 | |Brown Egg |samples | | | | | | | |(Dhaka) | | | | | | | | | |St. error |1. 1043 | – |4. 439 | – | – | – | |White Egg (Dhaka) |Values for 6 |11. 1847 |61. 4041 |6. 4769 |44. 0777 |105. 4818 |8. 5790 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |1. 7396 | – |2. 627 | – | – | – | |Brown Egg (Narsingdi) |Values for 12|10. 4818 |57. 5453 | 15. 0153 |102. 1849 |159. 7302 |12. 9911 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |2. 3770 | – |3. 458 | – | – | – | |Brown Egg |Values for 12|9. 4945 |52. 1248 |10. 6030 |72. 1574 |124. 2822 |10. 1080 | |(Kishoreganj) |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |0. 5917 | – |0. 7616 | – | – | – | |Brown Egg Mymensingh)|Values for 12|9. 4769 |52. 0279 |5. 7009 |38. 7969 |90. 8248 |7. 3869 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |1. 1593 | – |0. 6024 | – | – | – | |Brown Egg (Tangail) |Values for 6 |11. 565 |60. 7000 |5. 4060 |36. 7898 |97. 4898 |7. 9290 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |4. 4361 | – |1. 8938 | – | – | – | |White Egg (Tangail) |Values for 6 |11. 3587 |62. 594 |0. 7730 |5. 2602 |67. 6197 |5. 4996 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |2. 4524 | – |0. 4713 | – | – | – | |Br own Egg (Gazipur) |Values for 6 |6. 8734 |37. 7349 |1. 755 |11. 4023 |49. 1372 |3. 9964 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |2. 0868 | – |0. 6178 | – | – | – | |White Egg (Gazipur) |Values for 6 |5. 9167 |32. 4825 |2. 2874 |15. 666 |48. 0491 |3. 9079 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |2. 1738 | – |1. 2855 | – | – | – | |Brown Egg |Values for 12|0. 7702 |4. 2285 |5. 4222 |36. 9002 |41. 1288 |3. 451 | |(Narayanganj) |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |0. 4071 | – |1. 9852 | – | – | – | |Brown Egg (Munshigonj)|Values for 12|11. 3360 |62. 2346 |8. 8177 |60. 0079 |122. 2426 |9. 9421 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. rror |2. 3649 | – |2. 7654 | – | – | – | Maximum permissible limit in chicken meat is 0. 1  µg /g and in chicken fat is 0. 1  µg /g(1). The average statistics for all egg samples are presented in Table 3 . Table – 3: Statistics of all egg samples |Total sample number |192 | |Mean |8. 1611 | |Std. Error of Mean |0. 5253 | |Minimum |ND* | |Maximum |34. 5637 | * = Not detected The average lead (Pb) contamination picture in commercially produced liquid milks in Bangladesh is presented in Table 4. Table – 4: Pb contamination picture in liquid milks in Bangladesh |Sample classes |Average density |Volume as packed, mL|Average Pb |Standard error |Average total Pb | | | | |concentration in | |in packet,  µg | | | | |sample,  µg/mL | | | |Aarong – white |1. 0207 |250 |0. 8102 |0. 2451 |202. 500 | |Aarong – chocolate |1. 0511 |200 |1. 5344 |0. 2675 |306. 8800 | |Aarong – mango |1. 0554 |200 |0. 9447 |0. 3961 |188. 9400 | |Milkvita – white |1. 0226 |250 |0. 9739 |0. 3212 |243. 4750 | |Milkvita – chocolate |1. 0548 |200 |1. 2925 |0. 6512 |258. 5000 | |RD – white |1. 193 |230 |1. 9657 |0. 1987 |452. 1110 | |RD – mango |1. 0523 |200 |1. 6984 |0. 4812 |339. 6800 | |RD – banana |1. 0552 |200 |1. 209 |0. 5012 |241. 8000 | |Amo – white |1. 0257 |250 |1. 4943 |0. 1246 |373. 5750 | |Amo – chocolate |1. 0577 |200 |0. 181 |0. 1789 |163. 6200 | |Amo – mango |1. 0619 |200 |0. 8997 |0. 8047 |179. 9400 | |Pran à ¢â‚¬â€œ white |1. 0256 |200 |1. 2886 |1. 0079 |257. 7200 | |Starship – chocolate |1. 0508 |200 |4. 7589 |1. 4347 |951. 7800 | Maximum permissible limit in milks is 0. 02  µg /mL(1). The average statistics for all milk samples are presented in Table 5. Table – 5: Statistics of all milk samples |Total sample number |39 | |Mean |1. 5145 | |Std. Error of Mean |0. 2165 | |Minimum |ND | |Maximum |7. 0713 | Standard for lead (Pb) content of milk and poultry products: Comparing the obtained data from the egg and milk samples with the standards set in â€Å"Codex general standard for contaminants and toxins in foods (CODEX STAN 193-1995, Rev. -2006)†, it is evident that these foods are heavily contaminated with Pb in Bangladesh. In case of both egg and milk, the average Pb levels are about hundred times higher than the maximum permissible limits whereas the maximum respective values are quite large. 1. CODEX STAN 193-1995, Rev. 2-2006. http://www. codexalimentarius. net/web/index_en. jsp 2. Kebbekus, B. B. , and S. Mitra. (1998). Environmental chemical analysis. (Blackie Academic & Professional, London). [pic]
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
4. 6 Module Review Questions Example
4. 6 Module Review Questions Example 4. 6 Module Review Questions – Coursework Example Wireless Radiation Wireless Radiation What the World Health Organization Has had to Say Of recent, there has been an increasing concern about the probability of extreme health impacts which are brought about by exposure to the radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Smart meters, cell towers as well as cell phones are the examples of devices known to produce non ionizing radio frequencies that the World Health Organization did classify as a potential carcinogen. WHO International Agency for Research Cancer did issue a decision regarding classification of nons of such are the potential health hazards and visual blight which once worried the residents of Balboa, instances of T-Mobile establishing the tower near the property line plus underground placement of equipment which is aimed at reducing noise and Balboa residents reporting to Lake Balboa Neighborhood Council and it is during this time that City Councilman informed people that federal laws do pre-empt the authority that the local jurisdiction has on cell tower-related decisions (Carlo 2001). Alternatives to Cell Phone TowersThere are alternatives to cell phone towers that can help in mitigating a number of the raised complaints while enabling phone cell use. One of such is the wired headsets. Other than being capable of decreasing the radiation exposure based on the phone being placed far of the body, a wired headset can still be in a position to transmit radiation via the wire though the level is quite low. Another alternative is Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS). This can provide coverage though rarely noticed. DAS constitutes slender, lower-power, two foot antennas on the telephone poles. ReferencesCarlo, G. L. (2001). Wireless phones and health II: State of the science. Boston [u.a.: Kluwer Acad. Publ.
Monday, October 21, 2019
The Art of Writing Poetry
The Art of Writing Poetry Anyone who has attempted to write poetry knows that the process can either be rewarding or excruciating, depending on ones reason for writing. Writing a poem for an assignment, especially for those who do not consider themselves poets, can seem like a dreadful task. However, with a few simple tricks and general knowledge of what makes words become poetry, writing a poem can be easier than you ever anticipated- possibly even enjoyable!There are a few simple exercises you can do to write a poem quickly, meeting all of the standards usually assessed by teachers when grading a poetry assignment. Teachers generally look for two things: 1.) That youve followed the assignment guidelines concerning the type of poem, rhyme scheme, meter, etc.; and 2.) That youve been creative in your writing and word choice, using visual language and unique approaches.First, lets discuss assignment guidelines. Just as there are over thirty different types of poems (sonnet, quatrain, couplet, haiku and elegy t o name a few), there are practically limitless ways in which these formats can be manipulated and changed to produce different effects. Be sure to ask your teacher the guidelines on the forms of poetry chosen for an assignment, and if those requirements are set in stone if you find the urge to circumvent them during the creative process. Simply put: you need to know how much creative license your teacher will give you when he or she is grading your paper. For example, if the poem is especially unique or creative, will issues such as hard rhyme vs. soft rhyme be an issue? Or, if the poem relies heavily on visual language and word choice (which most should), will points be deducted if the meter is not what is traditionally expected within, say, an Elizabethan Sonnet form.As for what is generally expected regarding creativity in writing poetry, keep these ideas in mind: poetry that is thought-provoking, strange, controversial, or otherwise unsafe tends to seem more creative. For exampl e, if you choose cyborg love as a topic for a romantically inclined poem, youll most likely be given a better response from your reviewer. Youve taken a step toward the enigmatic, and walked out on a limb in your writing attempt- two traits many poetry teachers and English professors tend to revere. A million poems have been written about the love between a man and a woman; doing something different automatically sets your poem apart from writing that is considered mediocre.The creativity you use should be most focused, however, on your word choice. The topic of a poem is generally shadowed by the words. A poets words are his or her power, and should be the most careful consideration of the poem itself. With this in mind, one of the best resources any poet (or student being forced into writing a poem) could have is a thesaurus. Most word processing programs come with a built-in thesaurus, and websites abound with free thesaurus and synonym-finder tools. These resources come in most handy when you are attempting to make your poem seem more poetic.Take for example the following assignment: Write a free verse poem about love. The student, in consideration of the first suggestion, picks the topic of cyborg love, and writes the poem with a sci-fi slant. A first draft might read like this:In dark corners of the room,On an operating table lies your heart- Cold and unbeating beneath my handsAnd waiting for my touchTo find life.Okay- the topic lends a certain mystery to the poem, and immediately there is an analogous relationship drawn between this science fiction element and real, human love. Such multiple layers of meaning are one of those things that professors look for when grading your work. So what is the next step? Pay attention to your words by finding more intriguing synonyms. Remember, the connotation of words is important in writing, especially in poetry. Another word choice might offer better connotation to draw more depth from your writing.In dim corners o f the room,An operating table exposes your heart- Distant and dead beneath my handsAnd paused for my touch,To find existence.While these changes might not be monumental, they are enough to pull an air of mystery into the poem, making it more visually and aurally appealing to the reader. This exercise can go as far as you want to take it, as you use words that might be completely obscure or easily taken out of context. For example, changing touch to probing in the above example creates a more sexual connotation to the verse, and this one simple change brings an entirely new level of meaning in your poem.If your teacher allows it, using nontraditional words and rhythms can be one of the easiest ways to make your poem more creative. As an example, some writers choose to break a line into two in an unexpected place:Her voice called from the darkness, wishing unspoken things with unspoken words.Keep in mind while writing that poetry is intensely personal, and as one reader might adore on e poets style, another might loathe it. If you are writing for a grade, the most logical conclusion might be to find out what style your teacher enjoys (e.g., modern, traditional, free verse, stream-of-consciousness) and seek to emulate it. Your own experimentation in writing can happen as often as youd like after youve passed the class.
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Test your proofreading - Emphasis
Test your proofreading Test your proofreading Taking the time to proofread your writing whether its a letter, report, proposal or even just an email shouldnt be an optional extra. After all, it can mean the difference between sending Ill definitely be done by five and Ill defiantly be gone by five. But proofreading is a skill and it can take a bit of practice. So why not test your ability on our example? Simply copy and paste the text into the comment box below, and correct all of the mistakes. Well mark them on Friday, and send the five people who spot the most mistakes a free copy of our style guide, The Write Stuff. From: Anna Gooding To: All office staff Subject: The need for poofreading Hi eveyrbody As your probably aware, its become apparant that weve recently been sending out a lot of letters and emails wih an umber of typos in them Their is no excuse for this this and it really cant goon, as it makes us look utterley unprofessional. From now on, lets make sure that nothing is snet out with out first being proof read (this includes email.) To begin with, Id like to see how we get on checking each others work. If neccessary, we may look into some traning . If anyone has any question about this, please bring them up at the staff on meeting tuesday. Many Tanks Anna Test your proofreading Test your proofreading The proofreading competition is now closed. Taking the time to proofread your writing – whether it’s a letter, report, proposal or even just an email – shouldn’t be an optional extra. After all, it can mean the difference between sending ‘I’ll definitely be done by five’ and ‘I’ll defiantly be gone by five’. But proofreading is a skill and it can take a bit of practice. So why not test your ability on our example? Simply copy and paste the text into the comment box below, and correct all of the mistakes. We’ll mark them on Friday 7 October, and send the five people who spot the most mistakes a free copy of our style guide, The Write Stuff. From: Anna Gooding To: All office staff Subject: The need for poofreading Hi eveyrbody As your probably aware, it’s become apparant that weve recently been sending out a lot of letters and emails wih an umber of typo’s in them Their is no excuse for this this and it really can’t goon, as it makes us look utterley unprofessional. From now on, lets make sure that nothing is snet out with out first being proof read (this includes email.) To begin with, Id like to see how we get on checking each others work. If neccessary, we may look into some traning . If anyone has any question about this, please bring them up at the staff on meeting tuesday. Many Tanks Anna The proofreading competition is now closed. Thanks to all those who took part. The winners and the corrected email can be found here and our tips for better proofreading are here.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - Research Proposal Example Hence, they were exposed to both the fear generated by the film on smoking, as well as provided with the tools to begin to tackle those fears. i.e, smoking cessation tips. This study found that the desired action was increased in the third category of participants. In the first instance, where the participants were only shown the film about the dangers of smoking, high levels of fear were aroused, but this did not produce the desired effect, on the contrary, participants increased their smoking after being exposed only to the film. This was explained on the basis of the denial hypothesis, whereby when participants who are already high anxiety persons are exposed to more fear generation through the vehicle of the film, the net effect of such fear generation is psychological denial wherein they refuse to believe that the threat could actually apply to them. As a result, this does not produce any reduction in fear at all. Similarly, those who were exposed to only the tips on how to stop smoking did not demonstrate the desired effect either, because in this instance, the levels of fear were not adequate enough to spur the participant into action. Since the dangers of smoking were not impressed upon these participants and fear was not sparked off in them, they did not fully realize the dangers of smoking. As a result, after the study was conducted, these participants also demonstrated higher levels of smoking. Hence, this tactic was also not successful in achieving the desired objective, i.e, reduction in smoking levels of the participants. This study demonstrated that neither very high levels of fear nor very low levels of fear can successfully achieve the desired objective. Rather it is moderately high levels of fear which are truly effective. As pointed out by the authors in this study, it is the highly threatening messages that generate higher
The Motorcycles Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
The Motorcycles Company - Essay Example The size of these engines ranges from 500 cc to 1000 cc. Now the organization is planning to introduce large tour class motorcycles in order to target those customers who love to travel long distance. The proposed target market for this segmented motor cycles are the males aged between 35 and 60. The organization is targeting the customers whose income level ranges from 55, 000 US dollar to 100, 000 US dollars. The management of the organization decided to develop new strategies for newly proposed motorcycles. In addition to this, the organization will try to continue with its existing products in order to maintain existing client base. Discussion This part of the essay will outline required process steps that are required to develop the motor cycle. Process Steps and Rational for response First of all, it is important for a project manager to identify key suppliers for the required engines that are used in touring class motorcycles. Many suppliers and distributors are available in t he market. But it will be effective for the organization to rely on old and existing suppliers. The project management team should find out effective and skilled workforce who has the ability to fix the engines and parts and develop new touring class motor cycle. It has been discussed in the case study that the organization is trying to use larger than 1100 cc engines in their touring class motor cycle. ... The organization should develop a budget for manufacturing and distributing these motorcycles to end customers. The organization should try to give high quality parts and engines in the motorcycle to gain significant customer loyalty and high brand preference. In addition to this, effective budget management process will help the organization to determine the pricing of motorcycles. The project management team should try to incorporate advanced technology in business process as it will help the organization to reduce the operating time and cost. In addition to this, the employees of organization can feel limited work pressure by this strategy implication. Promotion is an important element for an organization to market its products and services. Motorcycle rally, digital media promotions and online advertising will help the organization to create huge brand awareness. Last but not the least; the organization should give value to after sales service and feedback process as it will help the organization’s project management team to improve the quality of the motorcycles. Recommended Strategy to senior executives It is important for the organization to focus on its existing business activities rather than wholly focus on new business strategies. It is true that the organization is implementing new business and product differentiation strategy based on the recognition and profitability of existing business. The senior executives should realize that maintaining business sustainability in the long term is the important objective for the organizations. On the other hand, creating some brand awareness on the mind of target customers for the newly developed motorcycle would serve short term needs of this motorcycle company. It is impossible for the organization to
Friday, October 18, 2019
Concert Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Concert Review - Essay Example The combination of these four elements allow for a truly powerful musical connection with the audience. The Celtic Women sung a Capella, with the added orchestra and percussion section beautifully. Some critics have criticized the Celtic Women for using prerecorded music for some of the orchestra. I personally could not tell a difference. The orchestra preforming on the albums is large. It would be impossible to make an orchestra that large to tour on a busy schedule like the Celtic Women have. The live orchestra preformed flawlessly. The prerecorded music did not detract from the overall show. The two songs I enjoyed the most were â€Å"Danny Boy†and â€Å"Somewhere Over the Rainbow†. These two songs were my favorites, because I have heard them a million times. From high school performances of â€Å"Danny Boy†to Judy Garlands rendition of â€Å"Somewhere Over the Rainbow†, I have heard these two songs in a variety of ways. The Celtic Womens performance of these numbers have to the best I have ever heard. The soul wrenching emotion placed into each song made me feel true sorrow and hope. One does not just listen to the Celtic Womens music, but feels it as well. The atmosphere of the Celtic Womens concert was also magical. Lights were raised and lowered flatteringly on the Celtic Women, chorus, and orchestra. The costumes of long flowing dresses gave the women an appearance of floating on air. The fiddlers costume was the most amazing, although like the other Celtic Women, this dress allowed her to dance and fiddle at the same time. The effect was like a fairy dancing across the stage. Smoke surrounded the orchestra, giving off a misty Celtic feel. The whole event was magical. Many critics have argued that the Celtic Women are not authentically Celtic, since they play modern songs like â€Å"Somewhere Over the Rainbow†or even songs with Christian
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