The Peace of Paris Essay Example for Free

The Peace of Paris EssayThe years following the Peace of Paris (1763) through the outbreak of war in the screening of the French Revolution marked a period of remarkable change for England. The American Revolution effectively ended the first British empire, but England elongate its power in the East, managing remarkable imperial growth. 28 The impetus for this expansion was industrialization, which fueled a need for markets in which to sell manufactured goods. Between 1750 and 1800, British imports and exports trebled in value, while growing naval superiority allowed her to win and hold trade and bases. 29 Rather than repeat the occupation and population they had in marriage America, the English copied the Dutch, establishing a network of trading and naval stations. 30 One of the things which captured the fascination of the English during this period was their belief n the existence of a gray continent. Its existence having been speculated as early as Ptolemy, this Terra Aust ralis Incognita was often visualized as having fantastic size and wealth. 31 The effective search for this new continent was ab initio hindered by two difficulties.First, there was no effective way to measure longitude, so that which meant that effective mapping was all but impossible. Second, the ships were ill-suited to serious exploration, often in poor condition, designed for other tasks, and manned by men of no scientific amour or talent. 32 Much of this changed with the growing interest in astronomy in England. In 1763, William Herschel established that Uranus was a planet, the first planet discovered in modern times.33 Enthusiasm over this prompted new interest in astronomy, including a decision by the Royal Society to take observations of the passage of Venus across of the sun, to occur in 1769. The Royal Society pertinacious that it should obtained measurements of this phenomenon from various locations around the globe, including Tahiti. 34 In this endeavor, the Royal So ciety was offered the assistance of the remarkable James Cook. The Royal Society knew the wealth of data to be gleaned from ships logs and mariners journals, modify with numeric data, maps, and microscope slideal profiles.35 Cook had distinguished himself during the Seven Years War when his skill in navigation and charting helped the English to sail up the St. Lawrence River to round off Quebec, when the French believed that no landing could be made. Later, he had mapped the coastline of Newfoundland, and after carefully observing an eclipse from there, had given his notes to the Royal Society. Self-taught and with no aristocratic connections, Cooks talents so awed the Royal Society that it chose him to lead the Tahiti voyage, to the chagrin of the aristocratic Alexander Dalrymple.36 Outfitting his voyage for practicality rather than style, Lieutenant Cook picked as his ship a collier, a ship without style that it had no figurehead but admirably suited for a scientific expediti on. Among the scientists Cook carried was Banks, the leading naturalist of his time. 37 The result was a remarkable voyage, although at the time, it was the presence of the botanist Joseph Banks which caught attention. In three years, Cook had charted some 5,000 miles of coastline, including the two islands of New Zealand and the east coast of Australia.38 On his return, the account of his voyage was put into print, with official approval and support, setting a precedent for future publication. 39 The account of Cooks and other voyages was soon supplemented by the report of the voyage of Henry Wilson, who with his crew was shipwrecked in the Palau Islands. The account describe accurately the islanders with whom Wilson dealt, and began a trend outdoor(a) form the fanciful descriptions of all such people as noble savages and exemplars of natural virtue. 40On his second voyage, Cook carried a chronometer accurate tolerable to allow computation of longitude based on the disparity of the suns position shipboard versus the position it would have had in Greenwich. Cook dispelled the idea of a huge continent in the south Pacific, mapped key features of the area, and gave order to the understanding of the ocean. 41 On his voyages, Cook observed aboriginal peoples carefully. Noting that the Australian aborigines had no houses and wore tokenish clothing, Cook reported that they were remarkably happy in their lack of desire for material goods.Living in a warm climate with adequate resources, they lived blithely with no need for material goods. 42 Cook then sailed a third time, trying to find the western entrance to the Northwest Passage. While failing in this endeavor, he produced maps of the coast of North America and the Hawaiian Islands, perishing there in a fight with natives. 43 This voyage did produce benefits. Cook described abundant sea otters along the north-west Pacific coast. The luxurious pelts were readily accepted in Canton, where the East India Compan y was building the tea trade. 44

War And Peace Essay Example for Free

War And Peace EssayThis paper leave behind talk ab give away state of war and ordain examine whether war is a natural full term and is inevitable or whether war is just an invention of human beingkind and can be avoided if so desired. The paper will also discuss the consequences of war and rough of the factors which trigger and initiate confrontation. Margaret Meade defines war or warfare as a recognized conflict between two free radicals as groups, in which each group puts an army (even if the army is only fifteen pygmies) into the field to fight and kill, if possible, some of the members of the army of the other group. (Meade, Margaret) Man has been addicted to war for centuries. In ancient times, man did not even need a very strong reason to go to war. He was used to hunting tribes, killing men and women and looting villages. military capability was perceived to be equivalent to the number of lands one could conquer or the number of people one could kill. Men killed in cold blood and considered this expression of living to be exciting and glorious. (James, William) This attitude has changed to a large extent in the modern world. One cant just go out and kill.At least in principle man cannot kill or loot or damage another human being. According to William James, war is allowable only when forced upon one, only when an enemys injustice leaves us no alternative. Nevertheless, the senseless wars and destruction we turn around all around us today indicates that mans thirst and fascination for war and bloodshed has not decreased but is simply manifested differently. In other words, modern man inherits all the innate belligerency and all the love of glory of its ancestors.No wonder man has engaged in so m whatsoever senseless and irrational wars bringing pain and iniquity to hundreds and thousands of people. (James, William) Man has been a constant supporter of war. This is evident from the numerous conflicts prevalent all around the world. From World War I and II to the Korean War, Vietnam, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Columbia, west Bank and Gaza, Sudan, Yemen, Algeria, Gulf, Turkey, Bosnia, Kosovo, Sarajevo and so on, thousands of people are engaged in combat all across the globe and one million millions are being killed and injured.If one only looks at the fatalities during the 1990s, one would see that there are nearly 2 million people dead in Afghanistan, 1. 5 million dead in Sudan, around 800,000 dead in Rwanda, half a million dead in Angola, quarter of a million dead in Bosnia, 200,000 dead in Guatemala 150,000 dead in Liberia a quarter of a million dead in Burundi and 75,000 dead in Algeria. There are hundreds and thousands of people dying in conflicts between Israel and Palestine, Ethiopia and Eritrea, Columbia, Chechnya, Sri Lanka, Kosovo, Ireland, Turkey and not to forget the Persian Gulf.According to statistics, nearly 62 million civilians mother died in the wars of the twentieth century. This is nearly 20 milli on more than the number of military personnel that have been killed during the same time period. According to Will Durant, a historian, there have been only twenty cabaret years in all of human history during which a war was not underway somewhere. (Hedges, Chris). Since September 11, a new type of war has begun triggered by attacks on America when New Yorks World Trade Center was destroyed by two passenger planes being flown into them.Pentagon was also attacked and it is believed that a alike attack had been planned for the White House but did not materialize. This started the War against Terrorism with the United States taking the Taliban head-on and attacking Afghanistan in search of Osama hive away Laden. A similar war was initiated against Iraq accused of carrying weapons of mass destruction. Saddam Hussein was removed as the head of the state, put on trial and executed for his non-homogeneous crimes against humanity. However, the war against terror appears to be never end ing.Although many would agree with the cause of this war, the immense destruction and death that has been observed depicts the senselessness of taking on such(prenominal) a conflict. There are extremists at both ends Islamic fundamentalists on one side and aggressive leaders on the other. There is no rely for any resolution if both parties refuse to listen to each other and refuse to make any efforts to attain peace. It becomes apparent from the never ending bloodshed in Afghanistan and Iraq that man is indeed thirsty for bloodshed otherwise there is simply no reason why such a battle would run short this long.No one is winning and there seems to be no conclusion in sight. The theory that because man is a war animal and has been so for centuries is no excuse for the destruction of so many countries and the death of so many soldiers and innocent civilians. In fact there are many societies and people who have never undertaken any conflicts in their lives. These include the Eskimos and the Lepchas of Sikkim. None of these people understand the concept of warfare. Lepchas are gentle and un-quarrelsome people while Eskimos, though not mild, see no necessity of going to war for any reason whatsoever.It may be argued that Eskimos do not possess any land or any assets to have any reason to wage war. That may be true but the fact still remains that the theory than man is biologically knowing to wage war appears to be untrue if one looks at certain groups of people that have survived for centuries without waging any war. Thus, war is actually an invention by military personnel and even civilized or mild people may go to war if they are aware of this invention. However, those who do not know of war will simply not go to war because they are not yet aware of the invention.They may be violent or civilized war will never be an option for them. According to Margaret Meade, people who do not know of dueling will not fight duels, even though their wives are seduced and t heir daughters ravished they may on occasion commit murder but they will not fight duels. Cultures which lack the idea of the vendetta will not meet every quarrel in this way. (Meade, Margaret) Thus, war is not a necessity but an invention. War can be avoided if human beings see the absolute absurdity of the wholly exercise. There is never any positive outcome of war.One party always ends up losing and there is no one to judge whether the side which emerges exultant is the one in the right. War is the worst possible activity mankind can engage in and human beings should collectively work towards outlining alternatives other than war to resolve conflicts.Works CitedJames, Williams. The Moral Equivalent of War. From The Best American Essays of the Century, Joyce Carol Gates, ed. , and Robert Atwan, coed. 2000, 45-49, 52-55. Meade, Margaret. Warfare An InventionNot a Biological Necessity. Asia. 1940. Hedges, Chris. War Is a personnel office That Gives Us Meaning. Anchor, 2005.

The Birth Of Singapore Airlines Tourism Essay

The Birth Of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore Airlines Tourism EssayStrategic concern is a term that is not new, first used in the 1970s it was conceived that a team of strategical planners would come up with strategic ideas to sell to finale makers. It is all ab come forth identification and guideline used by the double-deckers in order for the caller-up to have a competitive edge all all all over the tilt. Joel Ross Michael Kami(Fred 2011, 35) menti bingled that Without schema, an shaping is like a ship without a rudder, going round in circles. Its like a tramp it has no place to go.According to Wheelen and Hunger(2006,3) A band of decisions and actions that are used to charter the exercise of a corporation can be defined as Strategic management. The lick of this would take into account the scan of out-of-door and internal environmental factors, long term and strategic planning for system formulation as well up as the implementation and evalua tion and program line process. Wheelen Hunger(2006,3) lovesomely concentered on the analyzing and evaluating of external opportunities and threats compared to the go withs military postures and weaknesses. A SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats) analysis is an ideal tool for strategic managers to plan for both predictable and unfeasible contingencies.In the point of Dess and Miller(1993), the combination of three major interrelated activities strategic analysis, strategic formulation and strategy implementation can be called strategic management. These activities are a continuous process that helps evaluates and controls the company and the industry it is in, benchmarks the competition and set realistic targets and strategies to hear its existing and capableness competition.Lamb(1984) states that strategic management is a continuous process that evaluates and controls the business and industries the company is in it also assesses the competitors to set goals a nd strategies wherefore reevaluates them every quarterly or annually to decide on the implementation of the strategy is successful. It then reevaluates the if there is any new factors such as technology, competition, economic market, social, financial and even up semipolitical environment that can be used to create a new strategy.As a summary, Strategic Management and Planning is the understanding of the process of strategy formulation, implementation and evaluation. For company an organization to gain the edge over its competition regardless of size, scale each organization postulate to have a well planned strategic management in order to contact and compete in the market plot of land optimizing its potential for tomorrows trends of today.Background of companyThe birth of Singapore Airlines was from Malaysian Air Limited where it first started in 1947, because of political reasons, the company was renamed to Malaysia-Singapore Airlines and finally the company split its share s to Malaysian Airlines System and Singapore Airlines in 1972 on which Singapore Airlines is suffered by Singapore state owned investment house Tamasek HoldingsSingapore Airlines was forced to focus on the international market that was subjected to intense competition because there was no domestic route getable to after the separation. The difficult start of was one of the factors that drove Singapore Airlines driving spirit to compete and dedication to branding. It started the branding strategy by engaging a French haute-couture designer in 1972 to come up with a special version of the Malay Sarong Kebaya for the airway stewardess uniform and adopting a branding Singapore Girls that provide top quality in-flight hospitality. This feature became one of the most recognized signatures for Singapore Airlines.The human resource management area was given a booster rocket with an investment of 20million for its training facilities. With a fair marketing strategy and sound backing, t he return was buildn at 1973 when SA was ranked 3rd for the Asian region. But in 1973 to 1977 stay was forced to cut equal due to the surging oil prices. Singapore Airlines joined its operations with British Airways to provide its Concorde run but was terminated in 1980. Even though the collaboration was a failure, it took advantage of the marketing campaign to made itself known around the globe. At the same time, Changi Airport was constructed thus lead story the industry to advanceder benefit standards. With all that in place Singapore Airlines became the top preferred Airlines for the Asia peaceable region in 1981.Singapore Airlines experienced a steady ripening rate in the 1980s with expansion of its fleet and routes, it was privatized in 1985 and listed in the stock exchange with Tamasek Holdings owning a 63% of the company and was bit by bit reduced to 54% in 2008. SA underwent changes in the 1990s with changes made to cater for the lower make up market segmentation as well as the SA engine room focus on increasing productivity and pur fit out of soften opportunities for business. The globalization in 1990 also made the airline expand overseas as well as investing on opposite companies. With its strong financial backing, it spend to renovate its fleet, thus giving benefit to the airlines during crisis allowing the airlines to have more bargaining cater over its supplier (Scott, 2008) To date, SA group has provided a wide variety of services for the aviation industry from passenger, cargo, terminal, enginnering, training and even tour services as a whole. The airlines operates over 36 countries with weekly flights to them.Organizational StructureThe organization is divided by give-up the ghost and its disadvantages as the low responsibility of the bottom ply as well as the compartmentalization on its mangers. In order to tackle this, SIA have made their organization chart more flattened with fewer levels of motive structure in the organiz ation, thus allowing empowerment and creation of a flexible and yet dynamic business that allows its employees to make decisions to leads to job enrichment. SIA also encourages independence and encourages its senior staff to train and low its junior employees to make decisions.To overcome the job compartmentalization, non technical mangers are rotated on the job and thus allow them to have a better view of the organization for a better picture. The SIA management also stresses for the importance of maintaining a florid and good work stopping point. Teamwork and collaboration is placed high on importance by the company.With the growth of the company and expansion of sales office to over 80 countries, the sales operations have been divided to geographical areas. To overcome the problem of control, the company focuses on the end result objective empowering its site managers to have flexibility and to make adjustments based on the situation. Full power is given to the overseas region al public manager to make decisions and to respond promptly in order to deal with local problems and to customize the operations to suit the local scene.In general, SIA is slowly decentralizing its organizational structure and it encourages liberty allowing bettinger response to the business thus creating opportunities that are vital in the fast and dynamic airline industry.4.0 Analysis of External Environment4.1 PoliticalThe political environment of Singapore is stable with its dominant political party Peoples Action ships company (PAP) controlling the government since the independence. Singapore government has allowed the justifydom in corporate governance and has little set restrictions to the industry. Singapore Airlines make 90% of the decision on its own and has only influence the appointment of the director over the company (Sikorski, 1995). Singapore Airlines was allowed to stress on profit in equivalence with public or social responsibility and was even backed by the government during its retrenchment practice during the economical crisis. (Sikorski, 1995)With a strong inappropriate policy that maintains good relationship with 175 countries, Singapore has a particular good relationship with huge economical countries such as France, United Kingdom, and Germany. It also has a mutual free trade agreement between Japan, Korea, Australia, New Zealand, India, United States of America and recently with China in 2008. With Singapore signing the Gulf Cooperation Council-Singapore Free Trade pact in December 2008, it embarks to build strong ties with the middle east countries as well.Singapore is a stable base for the operations for SIA comparing itself to other regions in the Asia peaceful that have seen unrest over the recent long time. Terrorism alerts bear upon some countries in the Asia region with India(2008) and Pakistan(2009) hit with the lost of hundreds of life. The tourism industry for Thailand was affected in 2008 during the protest and h eavy floods as well as the Tsunami event that happened in Langkawi, Malaysia as well as Thailand that affected the influx of tourist there. on that point was also the riots in China and the Korean Missile crisis that effect the Singapore Airlines to re-route its flight to other locations.4.2 EconomicFinancial Crisis in 2007 affected many countries over the world that brought recessions to most of the affected countries. This slum lasted with 2008 that made the global financial institutions very cautions on its loans of money and many companies had to underwent a cost cutting off measure to stay afloat. The IMF predicted the re propagation of the world wide economy by 2009 and it the up market trend has steadily grown from there.The Singapore Tourism be on (STB) also contributed to promote Singapore as a destination for MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions). In SGD 90 Million BOOST (Building on Opportunity to Strengthen Tourism) program was launched in February 2009 and was followed up in October with an announcement for a new Tourism Compass 2020 roadmap to grow tourism 2015, with the goal to set Singapore as the leading city for MICE (STB,12 Oct2009). The growth was further spurred by the building of two integrated resort projects, Marina Bay Sand and Resort World at Sentosa. Singapore has also keep to host the Formula One Night Race and with all this factors surely has a positive impact for the travel and tourism sector for the country.4.3 Social paganSingapores existence comprises of more then 75% Chinese, followed by Malay and Indian the main religion of the country is Buddhism, Islam, Christian, Taoism and Hinduism. Having a rich Asian culture in the country, Singapore is one of the most westernized countries within Asia. With the growing China economy and its open door policy Singapore has landed a great pool of foreign labor arriving from China. This in return has created a cultural conflict among many Singaporeans. With a hi ghly diversified culture with close to 35% of its population is non citizen residing in the country, (25% of is foreigner and 10% are permanent resident) Singapore can be considered as an immigrant country. Although having high non-citizen to citizen ratio, the country never stops to promote foreign talent and believes that if the immigrant policy were to be stopped, Singapore would face a shortage of quality labor.Having a strong Chinese influence over its working culture that has made it a culture of high in power distance with the lower employees accepting the subordinates positions that seldom questions the managements decisions. The working culture also stresses on good team work and maintaining group harmonies. (Warnstam,2007). This has made Singapore to become a very cooperative employee to employer relationship and its labor union is in good price with companies through with(predicate)out.4.4 TechnologyThe growth in the usage if Internet around the globe has prompted the g rowth of customized web addresses to be used around the world. This has also given the potential for the usage of Chinese characters to form the web address (Choe,Oct 2009). With the emergence of such technological advancement, the electronic devices has also evolved to become more portable with increased carrying out and now almost every household in Singapore would have a portable laptop, hand phone and digital cameras loaded with personalized music, games , painting and video.The growth of such technology has prompt an expansion of innovation over the past decade. The growth of high speed networks and compression has allowed faster transfer of data and transfer rate, resulting in the availability to have high quality real time video conferencing with people around the globe from the office or even without leaving the house. This has made it a very good substitute for companies to use instead of having to send its employees for business travelling. (Yu, 23 Jun 2009).5.0 Evalua te Current Strategic alternative and implications5.1 Analysis of Current Strategic Position5.1.1 Financial positionSingapore Airlines has maintained its profit over the years, the group has maintained its profit even through the 2008 financial crisis. After the growth in 2009 the group assets are worth SGD 22.04 million and debt of SGD 1.077million with an equity debt ratio of 0.08. With a general reserve of SGD 11.264 million the company is poised to be able to sustain its operations in any case of crisis. (SIA, Annual report 2012)5.1.2 Product positionCarrierRPK(Million)SIA90,128 chinaware Pacific90,975Qantas99,176Total of AAPA member550,014Table 1 Comparison of RPKAirlines market size can be measure by Revenue Passenger-Kilometer (RPK). Having based in Asia Pacific region, SIA, Cathay Pacific and Qantas all falls into the same category of medium cost, developed airlines. These airlines have similar offering and price level. It can be seen that SIA, Cathay and Qantas have market share of similar size AAPA, 2009.The company is ranked number two in Skytrax Best airline award the airline is in the top five ranking for 10 out of the 12 award Skytrax have. The airline has the Best 1st Class and best in-flight catering award in 2009. The only part the company dont have a ranking is on the airport lounge service Skytrax, 2009.5.1.3 Marketing capabilityThe initial distribution of SIA is in the first place by the travel agents or through internet bookings, SIA has come a long way by providing a ticketless system for its passengers that even allows boarding as well even for connecting flights with its partner airlines (SIA,2009). SIA also engages social networking website in Facebook though quite limited in its presence. This is a drawback with the legitimate trend of younger generation who associates more with social networking sites.Another factor that is a slight disadvantages for Singapore Airlines is that the domain www.sia.com and www.sia.com.sg is not owned by Singapore Airlines, but to counteract this, they company has engaged to actively publish itself as the preferred search referee if anyone searches for SIA online. SIA has also made good placement in the search engine for victimisation the key world Singapore airlines and Air Ticket Singapore which prompts SIA at the top of the search list.5.1.4 Organizational structureThe organization is divided by function and the disadvantages of low responsibility for the employees at the bottom as well as the compartmentalization on the managers. To overcome this, SIA has flat organization chart with few class-conscious levels for its organizations, this enables autonomy and create a more flexible but yet dynamic business that empowers its people to make decisions and lead to better job satisfaction. The advance of independence and encouraging its senior employees to train and give chances to the junior force-out to make decisions are a key factor for SIA.Non technical management militar y unit are rotated on jobs and this gives them to have a broader perspective for the job. This is further strengthening by the stress on the importance of having a good and wellnessy work culture for the company. Great importance is stressed on having good team spirit.To overcome sales operation issue, SIA has focused on end results while giving its site managers to exercise flexibility to make necessary changes based on the situations. The full power is given to its overseas regional general manager to ensure fast response time for local issues and a more localized business operation to site the climate. The company focuses on the growth strategy that focuses more on profitability rather than size, thus allowing slow and steady growth with chances for leaders to be groomed properly.In general, the organisational structure of SIA is decentralise encourages autonomy allowing quick response to business treat and opportunity which is crucial in the airline industry which are very fast and dynamics.5.1.5 Human ResourcesSIA has a strong emphasis on human resources. The requirements for entry level to the company is only for diploma holders are accepted, these employee would then go through the recruitment process. After the appointment, these cabin crew is trained for 15 weeks, 2 times longer the industrial standards. The SIA employees have a 6 month probation that needs to be reported always by their supervisor with a confirmation rate of 75% while 20% will be on extension. These trainings are changed periodically to adjust to show the nodes expectations. While on the job, the employees are also required to engage in various voluntary community services, arts and cultural activities.Refresher courses will be available for employees allowing 3 to 4 days per year, this is a form of motivation for the employees to engage in self learning and the employees will be accountable for their own growth and development. Results from these stringent training has been obvio us by producing Stewardess that have high esteem, motivated and capable in handling the customers in the companys best engage (Heracleous and Wirtz. 2009).The focus on talent form within the company, the company focuses on development of the human capita given training spending of SGD100million for its employees. The company also offers perception programs for recruiting management trainees from the universities.5.1.6 Condition of facilities and equipmentHaving one of the newest fleets in the world, with an average age of 6 years, Singapore Airlines is one of the most updated planes compared to the worldwide average of 15 years (Prystay, 28 Aug 2009). By adopting the newest planes and technology this impacts in the reduction of maintenance and petrol cost. Other than that, SIA also went through an upgrading of its plane cabins to provide customers with the most updated entertainment systems and a better seating arrangement.Training equipment for its pilots is also provided from th e SGD 1 million flight simulator that is capable of simulating the high altitude scenario. SIA also updated its training center in 1999 to ensure the recruitment is capable to facilitate a better and efficient training environment.Overall the airlines does have a great training faclilities for its personnel as well as their commitment to bringing top quality service with a strong financial background but because of the financial crisis in 2008 and the lack of demand over supply, SIA is laden with excess aircraft that has not been utilized.5.1.7 Past objective and strategiesSIA corporate level uses a diversified strategy whereby it expands its business to airline catering, airport terminal services as well as into aircraft maintenance. These dual strategy in cost leadership and differentiation enables SIA to have excellent cost efficient service through high business efficiency.SIA has secured its high business competency through the execution of five organizational systems. The firs t is the structured service development and design that allocates utilize departments for its enhancement of service and thorough testing to ensure that there will be a quality service that will be able to meet the latest customers expectations.Second is the focus on consumer trends over the years, with a specific department that monitors closely to ensure that innovation is tailor to focus on improving and enabling a cost effective and highly productive service innovation. The focus will also be on the companys weak point, adapting the best practices from other successful developments while reducing the cost and risk involved for the innovation.The third set is the focus on a profit conscious culture, with the education of its personnel on the priority of profit and customer satisfaction. SIA also focuses on a reward based system that gives proper quotation to employees based on their performance to encourage team work and productivity while reducing wastage.The fourth is the go al for the organization to achieve success through the diversification and infrastructure of its subsidiaries. These consolidation allows the focus and control that will enhance the knowledge while reduction of cost at the same time. The management of its subsidiaries is based on a die expectation that enables the subsidiaries to be subjected to market discipline.The last focus for the company is the development of its personnel through training and development while encouraging the development of a direct self continuous learning system to boost their self esteem.The overall strategies that SIA has adopted has made the company to have a high competence core with the overall ability to achieve a differential offering through exceptional levels of efficiency (Heracleous et al 2009)6.0 Strategic Potential defensesChoices for strategy for SIA should be based on the logical elements for the process and have a central role. The company should focus their fillings of strategy through based on the internal and external factors while taking into account its core competency to strive for profitability and service excellence of its personnel.Strategic Choices for Singapore AirlinesBusiness Level Strategy collective Level StrategyDirection and Method of DevelopmentStrategy for competitive advantageAdhere to government regulation and satisfactionInternal training and developmentProfit measurable success for strategiesDiversification in marketCreation of value added services to gain competitive advantage6.1 Business Level StrategyPrice Based StrategyThis strategy takes into consideration of the product to price to gain a competitive advantage. There are many low cost airlines company as of this moment that is conducting business in the Asia region. This causes the market to be very competitive and Singapore Airlines is one of such company that faces challenges. Low cost airline companies such as Air Asia is one of the competitors that are focusing on the usage of pric e based strategy to capture a market share in the occurrent market.JustificationAcceptable and feasible pricing strategyThe focus for the price based strategy is important as the current completion from the low cost airlines also focuses on the same routes of travel while providing a lower air fare. One of such routes traveled is from Singapore to Bangkok, from this example, Air Asia is selling its seats for a round trip for a price of $150 while compared to SIA that cost $500. Because of this the company is losing money as customer trends are now slowly switching over the low cost seats.http//htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/4abs74bzsw9yk25/images/16-b0f782e011.jpg4.2 Corporate StrategyDirection Policy MatrixUsed to measure the health of the industry for the Asian regions and the capabilities of Singapore Airlines. Below is the representation of Singapore Airlines in comparative to Air Asia ad MAS in the Asian Region.http//htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/4abs74bzsw9yk25/images/17-978ec5a00e.jp gSource Johnson G, Scholes K. 2005. P 320JustificationAcceptability Feasibility of Directional Policy MatrixFrom the analysis it can be seen that the market positing of Singapore Airlines is aimed towards the middle business class strength that offers a highly attractive market. The bargaining power, threats for substitute and competitive rivalry is high for the Singapore Airlines. In the event of a cost increase for jet force out to USD 115/barrel, the supplier has the upper hand the the treat of substitute is potentially high for the market. For this the feasibility and acceptance of a directional policy matrix for Singapore Airlines is High.6.3 Directional and Method of DevelopmentTOWS MatrixThrough the analysis of the internal and external environment, the generation of a TOWS based matrix. This will enable Singapore Airlines to focus on the strategic options available to cater for any potential changes or adapt strategies to further strengthen its market share while limiting its weakness.http//htmlimg2.scribdassets.com/4abs74bzsw9yk25/images/18-6f7d0e3282.jpgSuing the strength and opportunity for Singapore Airlines, there is potential for market diversification. To overcome the potential treats, SIA can have a merger or acquisition with certain airline companies. Avoidance of weakness for Singapore Airlines can adopt a cost leadership strategy. The airlines can develop their internal factors to avoid the treats and weaknesses.JustificationDiversificationThe current airline industry for the Asian region is highly competitive. There are many airline operations in the region and one of such competition comes from the low cost airline Air Asia. Air Asia flies twice daily from Malaysia to Guangzhou. Currently Air Asia has 86 routes that offers no frills service and has garnered wide recognition from the china market comparing to Singapore Airlines which has 88 destinations in 38 countries. Singapore Airlines would need to strengthen and diversify its market by planning out more feasible routes to high business locations and take a competitive advantage though expansion of the Asian market.Merger and AcquisitionSingapore Airlines needs to have a strong understanding on its competition and to avoid the treats they possess. With their strong financial background, the potential for merger and acquisition is a great choice for Singapore Airlines. Currently there are two national carriers that are seeking to limit Singapore Airlines to access their home market thus retardation down the growth for the airline. Because of this Singapore airlines joined the Star Alliance to take advantage of its international strategy. This is also boosted by the investment of SIA groups into China and India to ensure strategic alliances with the local organizations for their cargo divisions, airport services, enginnering and catering.Internal DevelopmentDuring the previous years, Singapore Airlines recorded a low asset turnover ration in comparison with its c ompetitors. Because of this, the weaker asset turnover ratio has a potential to show that the companies ineffectiveness to utilize the assets to generate profit and will eventually lead to the decline in the groups growth. Singapore Airlines can adapt to this by using better use of information technology to enhance its services to the customers and gain back better response and efficiency. Singapore Airlines website is now one of the most advance and user friendly in the industry that offers the customers to check their schedules, buy tickets, check in and manage their accounts as well as even choosing the meal for their flights. Because of this value added service, the company is able to further maintain its market share and slowly cover up the losses by creating a portal for customers and potential clients to interact with Singapore Airlines. The efficient use of IT has proven to significantly reduce the cost and enhance service levels for Singapore Airlines.ConclusionSingapore A irlines is the national carrier for Singapore and is one of the industry leaders in Asia. Currently the operations route carries Singapore Airlines to South eastern Asia, East Asia, Europe, Middle East and the Australia. The analysis for the external factors indicates that Singapore Airlines does face some barriers due to the international economic and political sector. The prices of oil over the years have been very volatile and would play a major impact on the profitability of the airline industry. Other than that with some ups and downs in the economy and the growth of high speed networks through the usage of information technology has played an impact for the overall performance in the airline industry in general with people become less mobile while still being able to work with their counterparts across the globe.The internal factors with the successful branding of Singapore Airlines is one of the drawing factors that is able to sustain its competitive edge as well as with str ong management background that ensure a quality of service for its customers gives the company its core competencies. For Singapore Airlines to keep evolving towards the new market trends, the company should take into account the internal and external surroundings.

Long-term Effects of Chernobyl

Long-term Effects of ChernobylAbstractChernobyl was a city in Ukraine that housed adept of the most tragical nuclear power plant cam strokes in history. It happened 30 age ago, however, the effects are still felt by many. This paper will explore the farsighted term effects that Chernobyl left stern. Today, the city is still sectioned off from the rest of the country in an effort to help protect people from the current light beam exposure. Clean up workers and anyone living nearby are at risk for life-long chronic diseases, some of which are not curable at the show up time. These diseases or illnesses include cataracts, cardiovascular disease, psychological effects, birth defects, papillose thyroid cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Other effects include a dirty agricultural and water system. The Effects thatChernobyl Left BehindThe Chernobyl atomic causation engraft was one of the most important forms of power in Ukraine and the meet areas. It housed 4 nuclear re actors, each of which defend been shut subjugate over the years. One particular reactor, number 4, had undergone a test that went awry. On April 26, 1986 one of the worst nuclear power plant shots occurred at Chernobyl. The personnel controlling these reactors were not following correct operating protocol, which led to the disaster. The reactors were highly unstable and not designed to mould at low power. If the reactors lost water for cooling, nuclear chain reactions occurred more frequently and the power output outgrowthd causing a power surge, in turn heating the reactor. The lid to the reactor had reached an excessive temperature and finally blew apart sending nuclear fuel and fragmented material into the surrounding area. A heavy cadence of radioactive material was released into the environment and sent the staff at the plant and the public into a panic (Chernobyl Accident and Its Consequences-Fact Sheet. March, 2015).Reactor number 4 contained somewhat 190 metric tons of uranium dioxide and fuel products that exploded into the environment. It is estimated that active 13-30 percent of this product made it into the atmosphere (Chernobyl Accident and Its Consequences-Fact Sheet. March, 2015). This massive amount of uranium dioxide is the leading component in the ray of light exposure to so many people. Uranium is one of the biggest contributors to natural terrestrial radiation. Terrestrial radiation is set up in the ground and the major isotopes of concern for terrestrial radiation are uranium and the decay products of uranium. This is the material that was used in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. This volley affected 18 miles round the city of Chernobyl. In order to contain the ongoing radiation exposure, officials have built a concrete building around reactor number 4 in order to help filter the radiation exposure from entering the atmosphere.It has been 30 years since the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident, but the effects still live on. Today Chernobyl is a ghost town since it was evacuated directly later the accident. It has since been deemed to be a toxic and unlivable tush due to the radiation exposure that may be received. There have been regulations and emergency preparedness precautions that have been put into effect in order to arrest that this kind of crisis will never happen again. According to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the government of Ukraine evacuated about 115,000 people from the most heavily contaminated areas in 1986. Even though the vast majority of the area was evacuated, long-term effects still linger. Health effects and diseases have developed in the years after the accident upon individuals who worked at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, or were in the surrounding area. Some diseases that are more prevalent as a result of the radiation exposure from the accident include, cataracts to the look, cardiovascular disease, psychological effects, birth defects such as hydrocephalus, as well as increased risk for cancers such as papillary thyroid cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Other effects include unusable land for farming or unstable livestock from the accident. As a result of this catastrophic event, more than 200,000 km2 were subjected to levels of radioactive deposits exceeding 37 kBq/m2 of 137 Cs, the cut-off level to classify an area as contaminated. The average window glass that was received from the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident ranges from less than 10 milisievert (mSv) to over 1 sievert (Sv). (Moiseenko, Khvostunov, Hattangadi-Gluth, Muren, & Lloyd, 2016). 1 Sv is equivalent to 100 Rem. Radiation equivalent man (Rem), is the traditional unit of stripe for humans. both of the units will be converted into this value. This is a substantial amount of radiation considering the allowable dose for a non-occupational person to receive is 0.5 Rem per year. The dose that was received by some people in the accident is two hun dred times that of the normal limit for the entire year.The occurrence and severity of cataracts is comparative to the dose of radiation received. The Ukrainian-American Chernobyl Ocular study reported a dose-related increase in the rate of cataracts in reasonableup workers from Ukraine. This study overly caused for reevaluation of the dose limits to the eyes by the International Commission on Radiologic Protection. It has since then been changed from 1 Gy (gray) or 100 Rem down to 0.7 Gy or 70 Rem for non-occupationally exposed people, and down to 0.5 Gy or 50 Rem for those occupationally exposed. The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident caused the universal exposure limit to the eyes to be lowered due to the increase in cataracts among those people who were exposed. (Zablotska, 2016). Cardiovascular disease reports are only increased in the Chernobyl clean up worker age group. It may not be a significant cause of cardiovascular disease in people elsewhere, however clean up workers had an increased amount of cases because they were exposed to so much radiation in such a short period of time (Zablotska, 2016). Prolonged exposure to radiation may cause chronic kidney disorders, which induce hypertension and so might contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (Kamiya, et al., 2015).Psychological effects pertain to the mind, emotions, or reactions to certain events. According to Zablotska (2016), a catastrophic event such as the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident warranted many psychological effects on workers as well as ordinary people of the surrounding areas. These effects may never disappear, as many people still have symptoms decades after the accident. The lack of information given to the general public about what had happened caused a panic among many. The mystery of radiation exposure also caused care among those affected by the exposure. Some people have developed severe anxiety due to the fact that they are nervous about be ing exposed to that much radiation, and the diseases that follow a high dose. Many people including youthfulness children and teens during the accident have post-traumatic stress disorder. This is mostly due to being forced to leave their roots in such an abrupt way. People were mistrusting towards their government for not retention the reactors under tighter regulations. Many were also frustrated by the lack of emergency preparedness plans that could have prevented so much widespread damage. Young children and teens may also be more susceptible to certain diseases and cancers because their cells are more radiosensitive towards exposures, which makes parents real anxious and depressed fearing something may happen to their babies.Another long unchangeable effect of the accident is the prevalence of thyroid cancer. This disease is by far the most frightening and notorious of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident. This is the disease that everyone worries about because it can affect teens, children and adults in the same way. According to Handkiewicz-Junak et al., (2016) there have been approximately 5,000 thyroid cancer cases since the accident in the surrounding area. Two parallel of latitude studies have been performed. One study involved subjects in Ukraine and the other involved subjects in Belarus, one of the neighboring countries of Ukraine. Each study comprised about 12,000 children or adolescents from the accident. All of the subjects had been exposed to Iodine-131, which is a radioisotope. Periodic standardized screenings revealed that thyroid cancer and non-malignant diseases of the thyroid were far more prevalent in these studies than normal. Furthermore, evidence from other smaller population-based case-control studies confirms a causal relationship between the observed increase in thyroid cancer risk and exposure to Iodine-131 from the Chernobyl fall out (Zablotska, 2016). Another study was conducted on 65 children who had been exposed to Chernobyl radiation and sporadic papillary thyroid cancer. All participants were residents of the same region so that factors related to genetics or environment were reduced. utilise DNA microarray, which measures the gene expression of many different samples, ten genes were confirmed as being associated with radiation exposure samples. This concludes that there is a significant digression in gene expression that causes papillary thyroid cancer to become active in post-Chernobyl subjects who were exposed (Handkiewicz-Junak et al., 2016).Chronic lymphocytic leukemia was found in workers who helped clean up after the Chernobyl accident. A study was conducted on the clean up workers registered in the Chernobyl state registry who resided in six regions of Ukraine (five oblasts and Kiev city). This particular cohort represented about 47% of the total number of clean up workers who helped at the Chernobyl accident. The study was later updated to include another nearby area, which bumped up the cohort to representing about 60% of the clean up workers. The findings showed an excess occurrence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cases compared with national levels during the study period of about 26 years. The most drastic increase in cases occurred within the first decade after the accident and continues during subsequent decades. The potential risk from a different cohort, measured between 1986-2006, demo the same risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and it still remains active over 20 years after the exposure (Bazyka, et al., 2015).We know that radiation is cumulative and that any amount can cause genetic effects on future generations. Many of the clean up workers at the time of the accident were young adults who were at the start of their fertility and birthing years. The clean up workers could have been exposed to high amounts of radiation without any form of protection to the gonads. Certain mutations in DNA can form due to exceedingly high doses, which are then passed on to subsequent generations. For this reason, birth defects are put in the grunge light for those affected. According to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, a positive correlation has been associated with external and food based exposure, with hydrocephaly (Lie, Irgens, Skjaerven, Reitan, P. Strand, T. Strand, April 1992). According to Websters dictionary, hydrocephalus is an increase in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranial cavity. This causes expansion of the cerebral ventricles in the brain, and increased intracranial pressure, skull enlargement, and cognitive decline (Hydrocephalus Merriam-Webster). This is one of the very serious birth defects related to those individuals of reproductive age during the exposure.Lastly, effects of the Chernobyl accident extend further than just diseases or cancers directly affecting humans. The accident has a large impact on the soil and water system. The soil around Chernobyl cannot be used for farming since radioacti ve fuel and isotopes were scattered crossways a large area. In the first few weeks after the accident, private farm owners were not educated on the risks associated with the radioactive isotopes and fuel particles in the publicise and now onto their farms. Their farm animals, such as cows, consumed the radioactive material that was sprinkled over their hay, or other feed, and then produced milk that the farm owners then drank. The milk contained very high amounts of Iodine-131, which as previously discussed, contributed to increased rates of thyroid cancer. The water system was also contaminated with Iodine-131 and had the same effect on people as contaminated milk does. Contaminated water and milk are one of the leading causes of thyroid cancers among young children and teens (Beresford, et al., 2016).In conclusion, the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident was one of the most catastrophic nuclear accidents in history. The wide range of people that were affected is astonishing. The radiation exposure blanketed some 200,000 km2, including Ukraine and the surrounding areas with thousands of people sickened by disease and turmoil, living with the consequences and long-term effects for the rest of their lives. People had to abruptly evacuate their homes and hometown roots due to this nuclear crisis. The after effects caused psychological problems and stressors, small-arm also leaving many with no place to live. Anyone who may have helped clean up after the accident are at risk for cataracts, cardiovascular disease, and cancers such as thyroid or leukemia. Those individuals who were of reproductive age may have passed along mutated DNA causing birth defects. The effects that Chernobyl left behind are countless, however, regulations and safety precautions have been put into place in order to prevent such a catastrophic event from happening again. ReferencesBackgrounderon Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident. (2014, December 12). http//www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/d oc-collections/fact-sheets/chernobyl-bg.htmlBazyka,D., Gudzenko, N., Dyagil, I., Goroh, E., Polyschuk, O., Trotsuk, N., . . .Romanenko, A. (2015, September 24). Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in ChornobylCleanup Workers. Health Physics, 111(2), 186-191.doi10.1097/HP.0000000000000440Beresford,N., Fesenko, S., Konoplev, A., Skuterud, L., Smith, J., & Voigt, G. (2016,June). Thirty years after the Chernobyl accident What lessons have we learnt? Journalof Environmental Radioactivity, 157, 77-89.doi10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.02.003ChernobylAccident and Its Consequences-Fact Sheet. (2015, March). http//www.nei.org/master-document-folder/backgrounders/fact-sheets/chernobyl-accident-and-its-consequencesHandkiewicz-Junak,D., Swierniak, M., Rusinek, D., Oczko-Wojciechowska, M., Dom, G., Maenhaut, C.,. . . Jarzab, B. (2016, January 26). Gene signature of the post-Chernobylpapillary thyroid cancer. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and MolecularImaging Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 43(7), 1267-1277.d oi10.1007/s00259-015-3303-3Hydrocephalus. (n.d.) . In Merriam-Webster online dictionary. http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hydrocephalusKamiya,K., Ozasa, K., Akiba, S., Niwa, O., Kodama, K., Takamura, N., . . . Wakeford,R. (2015, August 01). Long-term effects of radiation exposure on health. TheLancet, 386(9992), 469-478. https//wwwclinicalkeycom.sladenlibrary.hfhs.org//content/playContent/1-s2.0-S0140673615611679.Lie,R., Irgens, L., Skjaerven, R., Reitan, J., Strand, P., & Strand, T. (1992,April 2). Birth Defects in Norway by Levels of External and Food-based Exposureto Radiation from Chernobyl. American Journal of Epidemiology, 136(4),377-388. http//aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/136/4/377.short Moiseenko,V., Khvostunov, I. K., Hattangadi-Gluth, J. A., Muren, L. P., & Lloyd, D.C. (2016, April 1). Biological dosimetry to assess risks of health effects invictims of radiation accidents Thirty years after Chernobyl. Radiotherapyand Oncology, 119(1), 1-4. doi10.1016/j.radonc.201 6.02.033Zablotska,L. B. (2016, April 29). 30years After the Chernobyl Nuclear AccidentTime for Reflection and Re-evaluation of Current Disaster Preparedness Plans. Journalof urban Health J Urban Health, 93(3), 407-413.doi10.1007/s11524-016-0053-x

Effect of Buffers on pH Levels

Effect of pilot programs on pH LevelsAbstractA raw sienna is a solution that helps nutrition the pH of other solutions at a steady level with the addition of limited acids or bases. The purpose if this experiment was to figure out how to create an optimal pilot and to secure how effective relents argon at stabilizing the pH of different solutions. An optimal mince was made after calculating the H+ levels and determining how a lot weak acid and conjugate base was needed to test when added to beakers containing either acidic or basic solutions. The results found that the buffers helped get the solutions closer to a deaf(p) pH and were found to be effective pH stabilizers.IntroductionIn the real world, pH levels are important in the function of many aliveness processes. For instance, the average human bodys average pH level is approximately 7.4, and if there are any changes to that pH at all, no matter how small it may be, one would eventually get sick and die, since the hum an body is not meant to handle such a large fluctuation of pH levels. These pH levels are the measurement of Hydronium ions (H3O+) in a solution and are measured on a pH scale going from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral, anything little than 7 would be considered acidic, and anything greater than 7 would be considered basic. One might wonder how a persons pH levels do not change so easily, and the get along is be antecedent of a solution is known as a buffer. The main function of buffers is to help keep pH levels steady when a certain amount of acids or bases are introduced in a solution. Once a buffer has reached its limit, the solution will exponentially increase or decrease, depending on if a base or an acid were used, respectively. In the graph shown, it depicts how the buffer helps to keep the pH levels steady for as long as it can, but when too much base is added, the buffer will reach its capacity and the excess base will cause the pH to rise quickly, while an addition of exce ss base will cause the pH to drop quickly. Buffers are made from weak acids or bases paired with their conjugate bases or acids, and weak acids and bases are used because they do not separate fully in a solution and the henry or hydroxide (OH) ions will mostly stay connected to the other molecules, unlike strong acids or bases that will completely dissociate into either the hydrogen or hydroxide ions. A bang-up weak acid to use is acetic acid (CH3COOH), which is commonly found in vinegar. Another thing to keep in mind is how this relates to Le Chateliers Principle, which means for acetic acid that if a base were added, the equilibrium would raise up to the right to want to produce more hydrogen ions, and if an acid were added, the equilibrium would shift left to want to produce more conjugate base. Lastly, a good buffer should have equal amounts of a weak acid and a conjugate base, which is done experimentally.Materials and MethodsMaterials usedThree 250 mL beakersOne 50 mL gra duated cylinderOne 10 mL graduated cylinderAn unknown weak acidKa=CH3COO/CH3COOHpH=-logH+H+ =10-pHKa=(H+*WA)/HWAProceduresObtain three 250 mL beakers, and a 10 mL and a 50 mL graduated cylinder.To the first beaker, add a pipette bulb of the unknown weak acid and one hundred ten mL of distilled water.Measure 50 mL of the acid solution and add it to each of the remaining two beakers, and then wash away it out and keep the beaker. enounce one beaker HWA, or acid, and the other WA, or conjugate base.Fill burette with an NaOH solution and add two to three drops of phenolphthalein indicator to WA beaker and titrate solution apply base in burette to indicator end point, which will be signaled through a ping color change, so HWA will be born-again to WA.Determine the volume of base added to WA beaker during titration and add that same volume of water to the HWA beaker so that the HWA=WA.Make an optimal buffer by mixing 20 mL of HWA and 20 mL WA in the third beaker.Prepare pH meter by st andardizing it with standard solutions of pH 4 and 7.Take pH of optimal buffer and calculate H+ from pH reading.Determine Ka value and show calculations to TA, and a refreshful buffer will be charge to be made.Using assigned buffer, determine H+.Use Ka equation to determine volume of conjugate base needed when 10 mL of acid is used, and use Ka value from step 10, H+ value from pH, and 10 mL to re perspective CH3COOH to find volume of CH3COO needed.Make a new buffer using these volumes in a clean beaker, then take the pH of the new buffer to see how close the found pH is to the assigned value.Get two 50 mL beakers and add 5 mL of new buffer to one beaker and 5 mL of distilled water to the other.Add five drops of NaOH to each beaker and read pH for each one and record both.Thoroughly wash out small beakers and repeat step 13.Add five drops of HCl to each beaker and read pH for each one and record both.Clean up and enlistment in data sheet.Results Data and Calculations0.10 M NaOH ad ded to 50 mL of acid mixtureInitial Burette readmLFinal Burette Reading34.7 mLVolume of NaOH Added16.3 mLpH of Optimal Buffer4.7Ka of Unknown Weak Acid2*10-510-4.7=2*10-5=KaAssigned pH of new buffer to make 4.85New Buffer DataH+ needed1.41*10-5Ka H+=(Ka/H+)1.42AHWA=(Ka/H+)1.42Volume of A14.2 mLVolume of HWA10 mLpH of New Buffer4.84(2*10-5)/(1.41*10-5)=1.42 strain of New BufferpH of Distilled Water with Acid2.88pH of New Buffer with Acid4.5pH of Distilled Water with Base10.9pH of New Buffer with Base5.18Discussion/ConclusionIn conclusion, the results determined that the buffer was effective at stabilizing the pH of both solutions containing distilled water and either an acid or a base added. The results also showed that the new buffer pH was very similar to the assigned pH, indicating that the overall reactions in this experiment were precise and accurate. A buffer is a solution that controls the pH of other solutions it is added in from fluctuating, and it is made by mixing equal a mounts of a weak acid with its conjugate base. The reason it necessitate to be a weak acid because it will not dissociate fully when added in a solution, so the hydrogen ions will mostly be intact and not free floating. This would be able to help the pH of the solution in which it is added stable when combined with the conjugate base that is formed when the hydrogen ion dissociates from its original molecule from which it was connected.The Ka of the weak acid used in this experiment was determined after titrating NaOH to the acid mixture until the indicator turned light pink and then taking the pH reading of the titrated solution and using the 10-pH formula to find H+ which equaled the Ka of the weak acid. The new buffer was then made when the newly assigned pH was taken, the H+ needed to achieve that new pH was determined, the Ka value by the needed H+ value was divided, and the decimal for the product was moved one decimal place to the right, since the amount of HWA needed was 10 mL, and the pH was then determined from that solution, and it matched very closely to the assigned pH. Lastly, although not major, there was one experimental error that occurred when the solutions watchful in the first part of the lab were accidentally disposed of early, but a new solution was made again which was the same pH of the antecedent solution, so that error did not affect the overall results of this experiment.

The Struggle Between Two Sides: Church and State Essay -- christians, c

The insularism of the situate and church refers to the distinguishable distance in the relationship that exists between the national state and the organized church. Although the aspect of separation between the state and the church has worked in a number of nations, the degree of separation varies depending on the valid legal policies and laws in relationship with the prevalence views on the religious aspect of the society. In most of the nations that practice such separation, there exists distinct rules and regulation between church and state. However, between the two entities, there will always exists a way through which the two entities will interact and confabulate each other as individual entities (Hamburger 67). People should not push Christian beliefs on Americans that do not want it , we should stick around with our background as a Christian nation because most of Americans categorize themselves as Christians and our country has always been prosperous why sort it now. In some nations such as France and Turkey, the level of relations that exists between the nations and the church simply does not contribute to any reforms and law enforcing togetherness. Each of the entities in the nation act independent hence gives diverse opinion concerning issues affecting the nation as a whole. While in other nations such as United Kingdom and Denmark, the constitutional recognizes the official state and the religious organization working together for the common good of the nations (Hall 111). In general, the separation of the church and the state is an aspect that will affect both the involved parties. Gross dictates that, .both the nation and its legal departments directly or indirectly depend on the religious organizations (Gross 192). The contr... ...ishment church service and State in Nineteenth-century America. Oxford Oxford UP, 2010. Print. Gross, Michael B. The War against Catholicism Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth-century G ermany. Ann Arbor University of Michigan, 2004. Print. Hall, Timothy L. Separating Church and State Roger Williams and Religious Liberty. Urbana University of Illinois, 2007. Print. Hamburger, Philip. Separation of Church and State. Cambridge, Mass. London Harvard UP, 2002. Print. Johnson, Alvin Walter, and firedog H. Yost. Separation of Church and State in the United States,. Minneapolis? Minnesota Archive Editions, 2011. Print. Scherer, Matthew. Beyond Church and State Democracy, Secularism, and Conversion. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 2013. Print. Shiffrin, Steven H. The Religious Left and Church-state Relations. Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 2012. Print.

Pragmatic Literary Criticism :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

Pragmatic Literary Criticism Pragmatic criticism is concerned, first and foremost, with the ethical impact any literary text has upon an audience. Regardless of arts other merits or failings, the primary responsibility or function of art is social in character. Assessing, fulfilling, and shaping the needs, wants, and desires of an audience should be the first task of an artist. Art does not outlive in isolation it is a potent tool for individual as well as communal change. Though pragmatic critics believe that art houses the say-so for massive societal transformation, art is conspicuously ambivalent in its ability to promote good or evil. The critical project of pragmatic criticism is to yield a moral standard of quality for art. By establishing artistic boundaries based upon moral/ethical guidelines, art which enriches and entertains, inspires and instructs a reader with knowledge of truth and commodity will be preserved and celebrated, and art which does not will be judged in ferior, cautioned against, and (if necessary) destroyed. Moral outrage as well as logical argument suck in been the motivating forces behind pragmatic criticism throughout history. The tension created between this emotional and intellectual reaction to literature has created a wealth of criticism with vary degrees of success. Ironically, much like arts capacity to inspire diligence or decadence in a reader, pragmatic criticism encompasses both redemptive and destructive qualities. Plato provides a foundational and absolute argument for pragmatic criticism. Excluding poetry from his ideal Republic, Plato attempts to completely undermine the power and authority of art. He justifies his position by claiming that the power which poetry has of harming even so the good (and there are very few who are not harmed) is surely an awful thing (28). Because artists claim their imitations can speak to the true nature of things, circumventing the need for serious, calmly considered intellect ual inquiry, art should not be pursued as a valuable endeavor. Art widens the gap between truth and the area of appearances, ironically by claiming to breach it. The artist promotes false images of truth and goodness by appealing to basic human passions, indulging the irrational nature which has no discernment of greater and less, but thinks the same thing at one time great and at another small (27). Art manufactures moral ambiguity, and to Plato this is unacceptable. Because it is shoddy and essentially superficial, all art must be controlled and delegitmized for all time.